A history of western music 10th edition

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A history of western music 10th edition

When we learn of the ancient Kemites in school, we learn of their earliest exploits -- the Sphinx, the pyramids and plant cultivation. The Kemites and their achievements are relegated to the remotest past, as if their civilization had ended long before before the rise of the Greeks. But Kemet, or Egypt, along with civilizations like China and Mesopotamia

(modern-day Iraq, Syria and Turkey), is one of the longest-lived cultures in the world. Having been established at least as far back as 5000 B.C., it continues to this day, despite conquests from the Persians, Greeks, and, more recently, the British.We know much of this culture -- thanks to the myriad documents the Kemites left and our ability to

translate them using the Rosetta Stone -- including that the great Greek scholars studied at the temple-universities there. For their part, the Greeks never attempted to hide where they'd learned about mathematics, astronomy and architecture. So why don't we learn about the contributions the Kemites made to the modern world in school today?One

explanation is that while the Greeks' view of the world was based on Kemetic teachings, their stress on reason ultimately led to the Age of Enlightenment, from which we draw our worldview today. To the Kemites, the physical and the spiritual were intertwined. The concept of Ma'at was as important as geometry. But after the Greeks formed their

interpretation, reason eventually edged out spirituality and this view of existence was passed down. Plato, who was among the first to extol the advantages of reason over emotion in his Republic, inspired the 17th-century philosopher Rene Descartes. Descartes' observations concerning reason inspired the modern scientific method, which has fueled a

strictly rational inquiry of our existence [source: McSwine].In other words, since the Greeks were the ones who framed our worldview of using reason to investigate our world, we may feel we have no need to credit the Kemites with bestowing upon the Greeks their original education. And since the Kemites' view of the universe included a mixture of

science and religion, some people today may find this philosophical mixture hokey and primitive. This is ironic, since the Kemites originated the notion of rational thought.Read some possible reasons why the Kemites have been overlooked on the next page. The history of music education in America runs parallel to the country¡¯s own shifting

landscape and culture through the centuries. Early interest in music education was primarily connected to church music. This religious interest in music would lead to the creation of schools to create more skillful choirs and more harmonious church services. Eventually, as higher education developed in the United States, universities and colleges

also began dedicated programs in music education, independent of the country¡¯s initial impulses toward religious music. Many of the first schools of higher learning, as well as musical schools, began in New England. By the 19th century, however, these impulses toward musical higher education were flourishing throughout the country. 1635: Within

just a few years of the Massachusetts Bay Colony¡¯s founding, Boston Latin School, the first public school in the U.S., is established. 1636: The first university in the United States, Harvard University, is established in Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1640: The Bay Psalm Book, the second book to be printed in the United States, is a collection of psalms, an

indication of early interest in religious music. 1712: The first singing school in the United States is opened, intended to improve the quality of choral music for church services. 1721: The Rev. John Tufts publishes the first American music textbook, the Introduction to the Singing of Psalm Tunes. 1762: Jean-Jacques Rousseau publishes Emile: On

Education, influencing current philosophies on educational methods. 1833: Lowell Mason and George James Webb establish the Boston Academy of Music, the first school of higher musical education. 1837: Oberlin College becomes the first coeducational institution of higher learning. 1838: Lowell Mason introduces music education classes to the

Boston grammar schools. 1844: The Sacred Harp hymn book is printed, serving as the main text for a growing interest in ¡°sacred harp singing.¡± The a capella hymn-singing style is a purely American outgrowth of early Colonial singing schools. 1889: Eleanor Smith establishes the Hull-House Music School in Chicago, offering music classes to

individuals of all immigrant backgrounds. 1865: Oberlin College establishes the Conservatory of Music program, the first of its kind in the United States. Graduates can receive a Bachelor of Music Education degree. 1884: The Potsdam Normal School, later to form part of SUNY Potsdam, establishes the first training program for public school music

teachers. Julia Crane leads the school¡¯s program in music education. 1907: Music educators establish the Music Educators National Conference in Keokuk, Iowa. Eventually, the organization becomes the National Association for Music Education, the largest arts education association in the world. 1907-10: Frances Elliott Clark works with the Victor

record company to introduce the phonograph into music classrooms. 1910: Dr. Frank Damrosch, the godson of Franz Liszt, establishes the Institute of Musical Art. The academy is intended to provide education on par with European schools of higher education in music. It is eventually renamed the Juilliard School of Music. 1914: The ¡°Music Teachers

Bulletin,¡± the first music education journal in the United States, is published. 1929: The Great Depression causes public schools to reduce music and arts programs. 1950: The Music Educators National Conference publishes ¡°The Child¡¯s Bill of Rights in Music,¡± standardizing a student-centered program of music education. 1958: Following the Soviet

launch of Sputnik in 1957, efforts to introduce more challenging science programs result in the National Defense Education Act. School curricula focus more seriously on science and mathematics programs, with less attention to ¡°non-critical¡± arts programs, including music education. 1962: The Interlochen Arts Academy, the first independent fine

arts boarding school in the United States, opens in Interlochen, Michigan. 1963: The Yale Seminar on Music Education features a symposium on ways to improve music education in the United States. The resulting report influences music education at schools around the country. 1965: The National Endowment for the Arts is established, funding arts

and music programs, grants, and scholarships throughout the US. 1964: Manhattanville College establishes the first graduate degree program in music education. 1967: The Tanglewood Symposium draws together 34 major music educators to analyze the role and state of musical education in the United States. 1975: The Education Act for

Handicapped Students triggers growth in music therapy education and reforms music programs to address students of all abilities. 2007: The Tanglewood II Symposium reviews changes in music education since the original symposium 40 years prior. The symposium¡¯s declaration and findings shape the changing directions of music programs in

elementary, secondary, and higher education. Unless you tripped, stubbed your toe and tumbled into the Hot Tub Time Machine, the word crunk has no music-oriented meaning to you today. Urban Dictionary defines "crunk" as "a mixture of the words crazy and drunk." Before it became a subset of southern rap, crunk was an everyday word that

defined a state of crunkedness (more on this later). Travel back to the year 2003, however, and you'll find that crunk denotes one of the most popular forms of hip-hop. It combines hip-hop and electronic dance music. The music is typically uptempo, making it a perfect backdrop for dance clubs and rowdy parties. Everyone disagrees on the etymology

of crunk. Here are a few popular theories on the origin of the definition of crunk. 1980s Atlanta - The word "crunk" was an everyday word in 1980s Atlanta. Supposedly, clubgoers in ATL used the word to describe being "full of energy" or "hyped up" (aka the aforementioned crunkedness). 1990s Southern Rap - Crunk was commonly used by southern

rappers in the early 90s to describe an activity, such as getting drunk and smoking the chronic. Or maybe getting crazy and drunk. Or cooking and drinking. The debate goes on. Conan O'Brien and Dino Stamatopoulos - Another theory has it that late night host Conan O'Brien coined the word crunk. In 1993, O'Brien and Late Night writer Dino

Stamatopoulos invented the word "krunk" to confuse late night censors. It was supposedly an attempt to combine offensive words without getting in trouble. Crunk emerged as a music style in the 1990s. It gained momentum in Memphis and Atlanta before spreading throughout the Dirty South. It was popularized by the likes of Lil Jon, Ying Yang

Twins and Three 6 Mafia. The first notable crunk hit was Three 6 Mafia's "Tear Da Club Up." Originally released in 1992, it appears on their 1995 album Mystic Stylez as well as the compilation Underground Vol. 2: Club Memphis--a collection of Three 6 Mafia's underground hits. In 1997, Lil Jon & the East Side Boyz released their debut album, Get

Crunk, Who U Wit: Da Album. Although it flew under the radar, it is now considered the first crunk album ever. It produced early crunk singles like "Get Crunk" and "Shawty Freak a Lil Sumtin'." With crunk now expanding in stature, Lil Jon gave the sound a bear hug. Jon named his group's next album Kings of Crunk. In 2003, Lil Jon & The East Side

Boyz finally put crunk on the national map with the smash single "Get Low." The song combined a club-friendly beat with goofy lyrics. Soon, every college kid in the country was saying "Take that thang to the flo/You skank, you skank." Musically, crunk blends elements of hip-hop and dance. It's club-oriented music. Crunk songs are usually highpitched and drum-heavy. A typically crunk song employs repetitive, catchy refrains that make it fun and easy for fans to chant along. The most popular criticism of crunk is that lacks substance. On the other hand, crunk songs are club-oriented and, as club songs go, they favor style over substance. In the early 2000s, crunk became a daily fixture in

party culture. Crunk blared out of car stereos, radio stations and nightclubs. Crunk ringtones were hugely popular. You may have even heard of the energy drink Crunk Energy. The rise of crunk splintered it into subgenres like crunkcore, crunk rock, crunk punk, crunnk&B and acid crunk. By late 2009, crunk had fizzled out of mainstream culture. At

the same time, a new sound was invading the mainstream: trap music. If you want to check out some crunk music for yourself, look into these key crunk artists: Lil Jon & The Eastside Boyz Three 6 Mafia Ying Yang Twins Lil Scrappy Youngbloodz Trillville Crime Mob Let's say you're planning a crunk party, your playlist should contain a few essential

cuts. These top crunk songs include: "Get Low" - Lil Jon "Get Crunk" - Lil Jon "Walk It Out" - DJ Unk "Goodies" - Ciara "Lean Wit, Rock Wit It" - Dem Franchise Boys "Salt Shaker" - Ying Yang Twins "Tear Da Club Up '97" - Three 6 Mafia "Knuck If You Buck" - Crime Mob "Damn" - Youngbloodz "What You Gon' Do" - Lil Jon & The Eastside Boyz ft Lil

Scrappy "Get Some Crunk In Yo System" - Trillville "Never Scared" - Bone Crusher These articles and resources can help you teach and learn about music history. Find musical timelines, detailed descriptions of musical styles and eras, and analysis of how music has evolved over time. Music is universal. Music is also relative and subjective. One

person might like a certain style of music while another person might not. For some people, good music can be an orchestral symphony, a jazz set, an electronic beat or even something as simple as bird's chirping. Take a moment to ponder what music you like as you read our beginners guide to the history of music. There are numerous theories

regarding when and where music originated. Though, many historians think that music existed before man existed. That animal took part in music. Even so, historiographers point out that there are six periods of music and each period has a particular style that significantly contributed to what music is today. The Middle Ages, which encompasses the

6th-century to the 16th-century, featured medieval music. During this time, there were two general types of music styles; the monophonic and the polyphonic. The main forms of music included Gregorian chanting and plainchant. Plainchant is a form of church music that has no instrumental accompaniment and only involves chanting or singing. For a

period, it was the only type of music allowed in Christian churches. Around the 14th-century, secular music became increasingly prominent, setting the stage for the music period known as the Renaissance. Renaissance means "rebirth." In context to music, by the 16th-century, the Church's hold of the arts weakened. Thus, composers during the

Renaissance period were able to bring about many changes in the way music was created and perceived. For example, musicians experimented with cantus firmus, began using instrumentals more and created more elaborate music forms that included up to 6 voice parts. The word "baroque" comes from the Italian word "barocco" which means

bizarre. The Baroque period was a time when composers experimented with form, musical contrasts, styles and instruments. This period saw the development of opera, instrumental music as well as other Baroque music forms and styles. Music became homophonic, meaning a melody would be supported by a harmony. Prominent instruments

featured in Baroque period compositions included the violin, viola, double bass, harp, and oboe. The Baroque period in music history refers to the styles of the 17th and 18th-centuries. The High Baroque period lasted from 1700 to 1750, during which Italian opera was more dramatic and expansive. The music forms and styles of the Classical period,

which spans from 1750 to 1820, is characterized by simpler melodies and forms such as the sonatas. During this time, the middle class had more access to music, not just the highly educated aristocrats. To reflect this shift, composers wanted to create music that was less complicated and easier to understand. The piano was undoubtedly the primary

instrument used by composers during the Classical period. Most notably, Mozart wrote his first symphony and Beethoven was born during this period. Historiographers define the Romantic Music period to be between 1800 to 1900. Music forms of the Romantic period used music to tell a story or express an idea and the expanded on the use of

various instruments including wind instruments. Instruments that were invented or improved upon during this time included the flute and the saxophone. Melodies became fuller and more dramatic as Romantics believed in allowing their imagination and intense emotion to soar through their works. By the mid-19th-century, folk music became popular

among the Romantics, and more emphasis was put on nationalist themes. Music during the 20th-century brought about many innovations on how music was performed and appreciated. Artists were more willing to experiment with new music forms and used technology to enhance their compositions. Early electronic instruments included the

dynamophone, Theremin, and Ondes-Martnot. 20th-century music styles included impressionistic, 12-tone system, neoclassical, jazz, concert music, serialism, chance music, electronic music, new Romanticism, and minimalism.

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