Methods of Applying and Measuring Preload
Method Accuracy Method Accuracy By feel ± 35% Computer-controlled wrench Torque wrench ± 25% below yield (turn-of-nut) ± 15% Turn-of-nut ± 15% yield-point sensing ± 8% Preload indicating washer ± 10% Bolt elongation ± 3-5% Strain gages ± 1% Ultrasonic sensing ± 1% ................
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