Chapter 2: From a Cell to an Organism

[Pages:36]From a Cell to an Organism

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Nearly all the cells in an organism are genetically identical and are organized to work together.

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Cell Division cell>us?u,`a

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LESSON 2 1.f, 5.a, 7.d, 7.e Levels of Organization

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It's alive! It's alive!

The white root growing down into the soil will anchor the new plant that grows from this seed. Once, this seed was just cells in a flower on a California buckeye tree. If the new plant survives, it can grow to be a tree about 12 m tall.

-ViVi??+PVSOBM Predict what other functions the root might have for the

new plant.

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Start-Up Activities

When is division not a math problem?

Believe it or not, you started out as one cell. Obviously, you have grown. Cell division is why you grew.

Procedure

1. Obtain a numbered picture from your teacher.

2. Use a microscope as instructed by your teacher and scan the provided slide. Find a cell that matches your numbered picture. Draw the cell in your lab notebook.

3. Move around the room and observe other cells. In your lab notebook, draw cells that are different from your cell.

Think About This

? Examine What do your drawings show? Does the process look organized?

? Predict Where do you think this process might be happening right now? 1.a, 7.a, 7.d

Visit ca7. to: view explore Virtual Labs access content-related Web links take the Standards Check

Cell Cycle Make the following Foldable to organize the phases of the cell cycle. STEP 1 Fold a sheet of paper in half lengthwise.

STEP 2 Cut along the top line and then every fifth or sixth line of the top flap to form seven tabs.

STEP 3 Label as shown.

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Sequencing As you read Lesson 1, write a description of what occurs in each phase of the cell cycle under the appropriate tab of your Foldable.

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Get Ready to Read

Identify the Main Idea ELA7:R.2.3

Learn It! Main ideas are the most

important ideas in a paragraph, a lesson, or a chapter. Supporting details are facts or examples that explain the main idea. Understanding the main idea allows you to grasp the whole picture.

Practice It! Read the following para-

graph. Draw a graphic organizer like the one below to show the main idea and supporting details.

Single-celled eukaryotes include protists, like the amoeba shown in Figure 9, and some fungi. They are more complex than bacteria. Each single-celled eukaryote has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Membranes separate organelles and their specialized functions from each other. They also enable organelles to transport substances into and out of a cell.

--from page 99

Main Idea

Apply It! Pick a paragraph

from another section of this chapter and diagram the main idea as you did above. 86

Target Your Reading

Use this to focus on the main ideas as you read the chapter.

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1 Before you read the chapter, respond to the statements

below on your worksheet or on a numbered sheet of paper. ? Write an A if you agree with the statement. ? Write a D if you disagree with the statement.

2 After you read the chapter, look back to this page to see if

you've changed your mind about any of the statements. ? If any of your answers changed, explain why. ? Change any false statements into true statements. ? Use your revised statements as a study guide.

Before You Read A or D

Statement

1 All cell cycles are the same length of time.

After You Read A or D

2 Interphase lasts longer than other phases of a cell's cycle.

3 Mitosis produces two daughter cells.

Print a worksheet of this page at ca7..

4 Chromosomes can be observed using a light microscope.

5 A characteristic of all living things is that they grow and develop.

6 Single-celled organisms have complex organization.

7 Differentiated human cells can become another type of cell.

8 Groups of similar cells that work together form tissues.

9 Plants have organs that work together to perform functions.

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LESSON 1

Science Content Standards

1.c Students know the nucleus is the repository for genetic information in plant and animal cells. 1.e Students know cells divide to increase their numbers through a process of mitosis, which results in two daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes. 7.a Select and use appropriate tools and technology (including calculators, computers, balances, spring scales, microscopes, and binoculars) to perform tests, collect data, and display data.

Reading Guide

What You'll Learn

Describe the cell cycle.

Identify the phases of mitosis.

Distinguish among the cell cycle, mitosis, and cell division.

Explain the importance of cell division.

Why It's Important

Learning how cells divide and grow will help you understand how all organisms grow.

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

>?`i> The life of a cell usually includes periods of growth and reproduction.

Real-World Reading Connection A multicellular organism like yourself is made of trillions of cells. How are all of these cells made? How long does a cell live?

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were ,yio>u`ng}er. You might have entered the phase of development when

yoiuVr reproductive organs mature. All these phases are

part of your life cycle. Similarly, cells have a life cycle called the

cell cycle. The cell cycle, as shown in Figure 1, usually includes

phases of growth and development and reproduction.

Phases of the Cell Cycle

You'll spend most of your life growing and developing. Only a small portion of a human's life cycle is spent in the reproductive phase. The same is true for cells. The phase of a cell cycle when a cell is preparing to reproduce is called interphase. It usually lasts longer than other phases of the cell cycle. The phase when a eukaryotic cell reproduces is called the mitotic (mi TOH tik) phase. During the mitotic phase, the nucleus and cytoplasm of a cell divides, producing two new cells.

Figure 1 What processes are part of the mitotic phase?

Vocabulary

cell cycle anaphase

interphase telophase

centromere daughter cell

mitosis

cell plate

cytokinesis homologous

prophase chromosome

metaphase sister

chromatid

Review Vocabulary

eukaryotic cell: a cell with a nucleus and other organelles (p. 64)

Figure 1 Interphase and the mitotic phase make up the

cell cycle.

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