Erik Eriskon: Eight Stages of Development
Erik Eriskon: Eight Stages of Development
Term
Age
Infancy
Ego
Development
Outcome
Trust vs.
Mistrust
Basic
Strengths
Key Points
Drive and
Hope
-Success in this stage teaches basic trust and confidence in life, in the future,
Birth to 18
months
and in other people
-If our needs are not consistently met, we may end up with general feelings of
worthlessness and a mistrust of the world and others
Early
Childhood
Autonomy
vs. Shame
19 months ¨C
3 years
Selfcontrol,
courage,
and will
-Children learn to master skills on their own
-Learn to walk, talk and feel themselves as well as fine motor development
and toilet training
-Success in the stage builds self-esteem and autonomy
-Failure in the process of learning these skills causes shame and doubt which
results in lower self-esteem
Play Age
Initiative vs.
Guilt
Purpose
-Children experience a desire to copy the adults and take initiative in creating
play situations
3-5 years
-If they become frustrated over natural desires and goals, they experience
guilt
School Age
6-12 years
Industry vs.
Inferiority
Method
and
Compete
nce
-Capable of learning, creating, and accomplishing numerous new skills and
knowledge which gives them a sense of industry
-Very social stage
-If they experience unresolved feelings of inadequacy and inferiority among
peers they can have problems with competence and self-esteem
Erik Eriskon: Eight Stages of Development
Adolescence Identify vs.
Role
12-18 years
Confusion
Devotion
and
Fidelity
-Up to this point development depends mostly on what is done to us
-Now, development depends more on what we do
-The task of this stage is to discover who we are as individuals separate from
our family and as members of a wider society
-Failure in this stage results in role confusion
Young
Adulthood
Intimacy and
Solidarity
Affiliation
and Love
18-35 years
-Try to find mutually satisfying relationships, primarily through marriage and
friends
-Usually begin to start a family
-If we are successful at these tasks, we experience deep intimacy.
-If we are unsuccessful, isolation and distance from others results
Middle
Adulthood
35-55 or 65
years
Generativity
vs. Self
absorption or
Stagnation
Productio
n and
Care
-Transmit culture through the family and to establish a stable environment
-Strength comes from caring for others and producing something that
contributes to society (generativity)
-Fear inactivity and meaninglessness
-Failure at this stage leads to self-absorption and stagnation
Late
Adulthood
55 or 65 ¨C
Death
Integrity vs.
Despair
Wisdom
-Older adults often look back on their lives with happiness and feel fulfilled that
life is meaningful and they have contributed to life (integrity)
-Strength comes from the wisdom that the world is large and we accept
death as the completion of life
-Some adults in this stage despair at their experiences and perceived failures
-Fear death as they struggle to find a purpose to their lives.
Erik Eriskon: Eight Stages of Development
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