Chapter 4: The 13 Colonies - The Green Vale School



Chapter 4: The 13 Colonies

-John Winthrop led 1,000 people on Arbella to come to North America and set up Mass. Bay in 1630

-These people were Puritans; people who wanted to reform the church

-Wanted a simpler, plainer style of worship

In England:

-Puritans were a powerful group in England, but disliked by King Charles I

But in Massachusetts:

-Puritans wanted to crate a church and society based on Biblical teachings

-Winthrop was Mass. Bay’s first governor

-Only stockholders who invested in Mass. could vote

-eventually, all men who were church members could vote

-later, the colony created a General Court

-A Great Migration of people traveled from England to Massachusetts

Connecticut:

-May 1636, Thomas Hooker creates Connecticut after leaving Massachusetts with 100 people

-He founded Hartford with a government with more limits than in Massachusetts

-1639; Fundamental orders of Connecticut:

1) All men who were property owners would vote

2) Limited governmental power

-Connecticut became a separate colony in 1662

Rhode Island (

-Roger Williams wanted separation of church and state and more toleration

-He was thrown out of Mass Bay in 1635.

Rhode Island

1) allowed all religions

2) all white men could vote

3) no state church

4) 1763, Touro Synagogue was first Jewish house of worship in North America

–Anne Hutchinson fled to Rhode Island because Mass. Bay threw her out

-She had said that she heard “God’s voice”

Conflicts with natives

-1600; New Hampshire was founded

-1675; battle with Wampanoag Indians and its leader Metacom

-14 months of fighting led to death of Metacom and 600 settlers

New England Life

-very close towns with a “common” in the center

-The Sabbath on Sunday lasted all day

-had town meetings to discuss issues and concerns

-The economy had limited farming, but used shipbuilding, fishing and whaling

Middle Colonies

-had a wider mix of people

-Dutch had New Netherlands, and gave huge piece of land to patrons

English warships went to New Amsterdam and they conquered it

-Peter Stuyvesant and Duke of York received the land

New Jersey

-Duke of York gave some land to Lord Berkeley and George Carteret, and they established New Jersey

-Proprietary colonies are lands that can be divided up among different people

-1702; Royal colony of New Jersey

Pennsylvania

-Founded by William Penn, who was a Quaker

-He believed that all people are equal, and these beliefs actually got Quakers killed

-Set up his colony as a “holy experiment” and would pay Indians for their land

-The colony attracted many different types of people including Pennsylvania Dutch, and capital was Philadelphia (Greek for “brotherly love”)

Delaware

-1701; Settlers of Lower Counties of Pennsylvania formed Delaware

Economy

-had cash crops of wheat, barley, rye, known as Breadbasket Colonies

-beef, pork, butter, manufacturing, crafts and iron ore were also essential to economy

-Counties, not villages, were central part of life, including homes of logs, Dutch red bricks and wood burning stoves

Backcountry

-Land along Eastern slopes of Appalachian Mountains

-People cleared thick forests and followed Great Wagon road

-New settlers did have conflicts with Natives

Southern Colonies

-1763; Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon created their famous line dividing Middle and Southern colonies

Maryland

-George Calvert wanted a colony for Catholics

-His first son Cecil, Lord Baltimore, finished the project

-1634; 200 people settled in Maryland

-Lord Baltimore allowed creation of an assembly

-Margaret and Mary Brent became famous settlers

-1649; Act of Toleration gave freedom of worship to Catholics, Protestants, but not Jews

-1676; Bacon’s rebellion had Nathaniel Bacon raiding Indian land and burned Jamestown, Virginia

Carolinas

-North was mostly poor tobacco farmers

-South had large land grant from King Charles (hence Charleston)

-Indigo and rice became valued crops

-many slaves were entering South Carolina by 1700 and the colonies split in 1712

Georgia

-James Oglethorpe wanted a colony for debtors

-“Enough fertile land to feed all the poor of England”

-1733; Savannah was built with no slavery

-Slavery was allowed eventually and colony thrived

-England used Georgia as a buffer between colonies and Spanish Florida

-Mary Musgrove, daughter of English and Indian parents, helped to maintain peace

Tidewater Plantations

-Northern Southern colonies grew tobacco, while Southern colonies grew rice

-Tobacco was grown on huge plantations, usually near rivers known as “tidewater area”

-These areas had their own docks and merchant ships picked up crops and delivered goods directly to them

-Backcountry was more democratic with smaller fields and closer communities

Slavery

-Some Africans were free in Southern colonies, but by 1700, plantations thrived as slavery increased

-Passed slave codes-to make slaves property

-Whites saw blacks as inferior

-1688; Germantown, Pa. called for the end of slavery

Section 4. How to Govern the Colonies

-England became more interested in colonies

-Colonies were controlled by England through mercantile-export more than you import

-1650’s navigation Acts-regulated trade between England and colonies

-only English ships could carry goods to colonies

-New England became shipbuilding center and people were called Yankees

TRIANGULAR TRADE ROUTE

1) Tools, cloth, gunpowder leave New England and goes to West Africa

2) They are exchanged for African slaves

3) From West Africa, slaves go to West Indies for molasses, then back to new England

POLITICS

-Governors held more power and most were appointed, except for RI and Conn. Who elected their leaders

-Each colony had a legislature-group who makes laws

-Had Upper House (advisors) and Lower House (elected assembly/could approve taxes)

-By 1720, only white Christians over 21 could vote

-Only property owners could vote

-Due to Glorious revolution of 1688, England established a Bill of Rights-this was a list of freedoms protected by the government

-Women had more rights in colonies than in Europe

Section 5

-Ben Franklin started American Philosophical Society

Social Classes

1) gentry-wealthy planters, lawyers, royal officials

2) Middle Class-farmers on their own land, craft workers (75% of colonists)

3) Indentured Servants-worked for years without pay to pay off debts

Roles of Women

-In the countryside, women took care of household, cooked, milked cows

-In cities, women worked as maids or nurses

-Some were painters, butchers, shoemakers

African Influence

-Some colonists gave their children African-influenced names

-Spoke a language of English and West Africa called Gullah

-Most Africans lived in the South

Great Awakening

-This was a religious movement led by Jonathan Edwards and used the fear of hell

-1739; George Whitefield made the Great Awakening popular

-led to the growth of many small churches

-Inspired a new, independent spirit

EDUCATION

-New England towns of over 50 families had to have a teacher; a school if over 100 families

-Massachusetts set up public schools

Middle and Southern Colonies

-Middle colonies had private schools and the South relied on tutors

-Some kids served as apprentices

-Girls attended dame schools-private schools

Age of Reason

-Reason would be appealed to the study of society (Enlightenment ideas)

-Ben Franklin was leader of this in colonies (Poor Richard’s Almanac)

-created fire company, lightning rod, bifocals, the postal system and even a system of taverns

-Culture flourished along ports

-1704; John Campbell created Boston News-Letter and John peter Zengell published Weekly Journal in NYC

-He contested a case of libel and led to the creation of a free press

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