Chapter Summary - McQuaid Jesuit Debate Team
Chapter 16Reconstruction, 1865-1877Chapter SummaryChapter 16 presents an overview of the Reconstruction era focusing on the differences in Southern white and African-American expectations for the postwar South, federal programs for Reconstruction, the successes and failures of Republican state governments in the South during Reconstruction, and the circumstances and decisions which brought an end to the Reconstruction era.White Southerners and the Ghosts of the Confederacy, 1865?While some white Southerners saw the destruction of the Confederacy as punishment, others came to view the war as the “Lost Cause” and would not allow the memory of the Civil War to die. The myth of the Lost Cause was a need to rationalize and justify the devastation and loss of life; the Reconstruction era became the Redemption and forged community in a time of uncertainty about the future. In this mythology, African-Americans were cast in the role of adversaries who challenged whites’ belief of their own racial superiority.More than Freedom: African-American Aspirations in 1865?Former slaves wanted to be free of white supervision; they also desired land, voting and civil rights, and education. At the end of the Civil War, African-Americans had reason to hope their dreams might be achieved through such actions as the establishment of the Freedmen’s Bureau. The vast majority of former slaves was never able to realize their dreams of independent land ownership and continued to work as farm laborers; others migrated to cities. Their religious faith inspired them; they saw their emancipation in biblical terms and the church became the primary focus of the African-American community.Federal Reconstruction, 1865–1870?The federal government had two great challenges following the Civil War; supporting the freedom of former slaves and rejoining the Confederacy to the Union. No blueprint for Reconstruction existed; the Constitution was silent on the issue and there was no agreement on policy. Presidential Reconstruction and Congressional Reconstruction brought mixed results. The Civil Rights Act and the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments were key legislative acts during this period; however, by 1870, white Southerners were gradually regaining control of their states and using violence and intimidation to erode gains made by African-Americans.Counter-Reconstruction, 1870–1874?While most of the nation was distracted by political scandals and a serious economic depression, white Southerners regained control of the South. Racial violence through groups like the Ku Klux Klan subverted the electoral process; the success of political violence reflected the erosion of Northern support for Congressional Reconstruction.Redemption, 1874–1877?After more than fifteen years of Reconstruction, Republicans lost interest in policing their former enemies. By 1877 the Redeemers had triumphed, and all the former Confederate states had returned to the Union in the Compromise of 1877 following the disputed 1876 presidential election. Southern states now had all of their rights and many of their leaders restored to pre-Civil War conditions. Freed slaves remained in mostly subservient positions with few of the rights and privileges enjoyed by other Americans.The Failed Promise of Reconstruction?The tacit agreement between Southern and Northern whites was that the South was now free to work out its own resolution to race relations. The price of sectional reconciliation was that the dream that former slaves held of economic independence and equality would not materialize. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments were bright spots in the legacy of Reconstruction; the overwhelming majority of African-Americans had become landless agricultural workers, eking out a meager income that merchants and landlords often snatched to cover debts. For most, Reconstruction was a failed promise.Chapter 16 OutlineReconstruction 1865-1877I.White Southerners and the Ghosts of the Confederacy, 1865 (pp. 417-418)II.More than Freedom: African-American Aspirations in 1865 (pp. 418-421)A.The Freedmen’s BureauB.EducationC.“Forty Acres and a Mule”D.Migration to the CitiesE.Faith and Freedom1.The First African Baptist Church2.Henry McNeal Turner and the African Methodist EpiscopalChurchIII.Federal Reconstruction (pp. 421-427)A.Presidential Reconstruction, 1865-18671.Andrew Johnson’s plan2.The Civil Rights Act of 18663.The Fourteenth AmendmentB.Congressional Reconstruction, 1867-18701.The Military Reconstruction Acts of 18672.The Tenure of Office Act and the impeachment of AndrewJohnson3.The Fifteenth AmendmentC.Southern Republican Governments, 1867-1870IV.Counter-Reconstruction, 1870-1874 (pp. 427-429)A.The Use of ViolenceB.The Failure of Northern WillC.Liberal Republicans and the Election of 1872V.Redemption, 1874-1877 (pp. 429-431)A.The Democrats’ Violence ResurgenceB.The Weak Federal ResponseC.The Election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877D.The Memory of ReconstructionVI.The Failure of Reconstruction (pp. 431-432)A.SharecroppingB.Modest Gains and Future VictoriesVII.ConclusionChapter 16Reconstruction, 1865-1877Section 1: White Southerners and the Ghosts of the Confederacy, 1865 (pp. 417-418)Section 2: More than Freedom: African-American Aspirations in 1865 (pp. 418-421)Section 3: Federal Reconstruction (pp. 421-427)Section 4: Counter-Reconstruction, 1870-1874 (pp. 427-429)Section 5: Redemption, 1874-1877 (pp. 429-431)Section 6: The Failure of Reconstruction (pp. 431-432)Multiple Choice1.Many Southerners refused to accept their defeat as divine judgment and believed that God had spared the South for a greater purpose; they came to view the war as Page Ref.: 4172.Which of the following statements about the Lost Cause is NOT true?Page Ref.: 4173.During his travels across the United States after the Civil War, Mark Twain observed that Page Ref.: 4174.The Freedmen’s Bureau was established toPage Ref.: 4185.In the early years of Reconstruction, the Freedmen’s Bureau was successful atPage Ref.: 4186.General Sherman’s Field Order No. 15 gave hope to blacks because itPage Ref.: 4197.The Southern Homestead Act Page Ref.: 4198.After the Civil War, many southern blacksPage Ref.: 4209.The church became the center of black life for all of the following reasons EXCEPT itPage Ref.: 42010.In both Atlanta and Nashville, black people comprised more than _______ percent of the unskilled work force in 1870.Page Ref.: 42011.The Wade-Davis Bill was rendered ineffective whenPage Ref.: 42112.Which statement would most likely have been said by a radical Republican in 1865?Page Ref.: 42213.President Johnson’s Reconstruction plan included all of the following proposals EXCEPTPage Ref.: 422-42314.The immediate response to President Johnson’s Reconstruction plan includedPage Ref.: 42215.Republicans in Congress became infuriated whenPage Ref.: 42416.Throughout his political career, Thaddeus Stevens was a consistent spokesman forPage Ref.: 423-42417.In 1866, Moderate Republicans in Congress did NOT supportPage Ref.: 42418.Congress successfully managed to override President Johnson’s veto ofPage Ref.: 42419.Which statement about the Fourteenth Amendment is NOT true?Page Ref.: 424-42520.In the elections of 1866,Page Ref.: 42521.The radical Republicans’ goals for Reconstruction included all of the following EXCEPTPage Ref.: 425-42622.The Tenure of Office Act attempted toPage Ref.: 42523.The Fifteenth AmendmentPage Ref.: 42524.Some southerners were drawn to the Republican Party becausePage Ref.: 426-42725.White southerners used the term carpetbaggers to describePage Ref.: 42626.In the Reconstruction South, African-Americans were an influential voice inPage Ref.: 426-42727.The Colored Monitor Union club wasPage Ref.: 426Identification28-29. Directions- Fill in the letter of the name with its correct description.A) Elizabeth Cady Stanton B) Susan B. Anthony 30-33. Directions- Fill in the letter of the name with its correct description.A) Charles Sumner B) Thaddeus Stevens C) William M. Tweed D) Henry McNeal Turner Multiple Choice34.Which statement about black voters in the South during Reconstruction is NOT true?Page Ref.: 428-42935.The number of Southern black congressmen in the U.S. House of Representatives increased from 2 in 1869 to ______ in 1873.Page Ref.: 42736.Southern Democrats realized they could regain their dominance of local power byPage Ref.: 428-42937.The Liberal Republicans of the early 1870sPage Ref.: 428-42938.Which statement about the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction is NOT true?Page Ref.: 42839.“Scientific racism” was characterized in the 1870s by all of the following ideas EXCEPTPage Ref.: 428-42940.In the presidential election of 1872, Ulysses S. Grant defeated the former Republican,Page Ref.: 42941.Southern Democrats who called their victories in the elections of 1876 “Redemption,” portrayed themselves as thePage Ref.: 42942.A long-lasting legacy of the ideas of the Southern Democrats of this era wasPage Ref.: 429-43043.The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was weakened by all of the following factors EXCEPTPage Ref.: 43044.To challenge the state’s Republican government in Louisiana, a group of elite Democrats in New Orleans organized a military organization calledPage Ref.: 43045.How was the disputed election of 1876 settled and decided?Page Ref.: 43046.Of the following, which one is NOT listed as something that worked in the Democrats’ favor in the election of 1876?Page Ref.: 43047.Which statement best summarizes the outcome of the election of 1876?Page Ref.: 43048.Who were the main candidates in the presidential election of 1876?Page Ref.: 43049.The significant outcome of the presidential election of 1876 was that itPage Ref.: 43050.In his book, The Facts of Reconstruction, John R. Lynch argued thatPage Ref.: 43151.All of the following statements about sharecropping are true EXCEPTPage Ref.: 431-43252.Conservative governments in the South were able to institute sharecropping becausePage Ref.: 431-43253.In the post-Reconstruction period,Page Ref.: 43254.In the Slaughterhouse cases of 1873, the Supreme Court ruled thatPage Ref.: 43255.Legacies of Reconstruction in the South included all of the following EXCEPTPage Ref.: 432-433Chronology56.Which headline would have appeared in 1876?a.“Hayes, Tilden Outcome Stalled in Contested Deadlock”b.“Congress Passes Act in Effort to Stop Klan”c.“Constitutional Amendment Gives Suffrage Rights to Ex-Slaves”d.“Grant Steamrolls to Easy Second-Term Victory”57.Which event happened last?a.Field Order No. 15 is issuedb.Supreme Court nullifies the Enforcement Actc.Southern blacks vote, in large numbers, for Ulysses S. Grantd.Fourteenth Amendment is passed by Congress58.What is the correct order of presidential succession?a.Grant, Johnson, Hayesb.Johnson, Hayes, Grantc.Grant, Hayes, Johnsond.Johnson, Grant, Hayes59.In which year did “Liberal Republicans” in Congress have the most power?a.1866b.1869c.1874d.188460.Which event happened last?a.Congress passes its second Civil Rights Actb.Radical Republicans move to oust President Johnson from officec.Republican civil rights advocate, Charles Sumner, diesd.The Ku Klux Klan emerges as a force of terror in the SouthShort Essays61.What accomplishments did the Freedmen’s Bureau make during Reconstruction?62.In what ways did southerners and northerners differ in expressing their memories of the Civil War?63.Describe the characteristics that define the sharecropping system.64.During Reconstruction, what factors made the Republican Party a powerful force in all national elections?65.What laws and amendments were passed by Congress in its effort to extend the parameters of democracy during Reconstruction?Extended Essays66.Historians are divided in opinion regarding their interpretations of Reconstruction’s events and outcomes. What do you feel were the events that best express the Reconstruction period? Why do you feel Reconstruction reforms were ended in 1877?67.What factors accounted for the rise of the Republican Party in the South, and then the reemergence of the Democratic Party as the dominant power in the South?68.W.E.B. Dubois stated that Reconstruction was a time in which, “The slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back toward slavery.” What historical evidence supports Dubois’s thesis?69.Describe how powerful whites in the South regained their position as a political and economic elite.70.Many historians feel that both the promise and disappointment of Reconstruction provided the foundation for the next 100 years of race relations in the South. In what ways is this idea true? ................
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