The Revolutionary Era - Midway ISD



Colonial Era #7

Northern (New England) Colonies #16

- Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine

- Cold climate, rocky soil

- Trade, shipbuilding, fishing

• Middle Colonies #45

- New York, Pennslyvania, New Jersey, Delaware

- Fertile soil, milder climate than New England

- Diverse, tolerant

- Quakers

- Breadbasket Colonies (produced grains, etc.)

• Southern Colonies #18

- Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

- Warm climate, pleasant soil

- Farming and agriculture

- Tobacco, Rice, and Indigo

Colonial Governments

Mayflower Compact – Document written by Pilgrims to pledge loyalty to England and promise to obey the laws of the colony; formed “a civil body politic, for our better ordering and preservation”; form of self-government- #42

House of Burgesses – Created in Virginia in 1619; first representative government in the colonies

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – First written constitution in America

Representative Government – Citizens are represented by elected leaders #47

French and Indian War 1754 - 1763

Results:

• George Washington gained national prominence

• England had more land to control

• War costs plunged England into debt

• Proclamation of 1763 stated colonists could not settle beyond Appalachian Mountains #12

• Treaty of Paris of 1763- ended French and Indian war-kicked French out of N.A.

The Revolutionary Era

|George Washington #25 |

|Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. He was also the 1st President of the United States. Farewell address - warned|

|against foreign alliances & political parties. |

|Thomas Jefferson |

|Author of the Declaration of Independence and 3rd President of the United States. |

|Benjamin Franklin |

|Publisher and inventor; respected statesman who guided colonies toward independence; convinced France to support America during revolution |

|Samuel Adams |

|Patriot; member of the Sons of Liberty; organized Committees of Correspondence |

|Patrick Henry |

|Patriot; “Give me liberty or give me death” |

|Thomas Paine |

|Author of Common Sense; convinced colonists to support the revolution against Britain |

|King George III |

|Ruler of Great Britain during the American Revolution |

|Abigail Adams |

|Wife of John Adams, famous for letters about women’s rights “remember the ladies”. |

|James Armistead |

|Slave who enlisted as a Patriot spy, worked as double agent for U.S., got important British secrets and helped us win war, Marquis de Lafayette |

|helped him earn freedom |

|Crispus Attucks |

|Former slave, first civilian shot at Boston Massacre, started Revolutionary War |

|Wentworth Cheswell |

|Important town leader whose interests revolved around the betterment of America |

|Marquis de Lafayette |

|French officer who helped train American soldiers to fight against British, helped secure help of France during the war |

|Bernardo de Galvez |

|Governor of Louisiana territory, helped us buy Spanish weapons, gunpowder, and supplies |

|Mercy Otis Warren |

|Writer who wrote plays, poems, and essays for independence from Britain |

|Haym Solomon |

|Helped finance the Revolutionary War |

|John Paul Jones #37 |

|Was a naval hero of the American Revolution, Congressional Medal of Honor |

Causes of the Revolution #2

Proclamation of 1763- stop colonial movement onto Indian lands west of the Appalachian Mountains (prevent conflicts) #12

The British taxed the colonies for revenue to pay for the French and Indian War.

“No taxation without Representation!” – Colonists resented being taxed without having a voice in Parliament.

Tax acts include the Stamp Act, Sugar Act, and Tea Act.

The Boston Massacre

Boston Tea Party

The Intolerable Acts

The American Revolution (1775-1783)

Lexington and Concord – First battle of the revolution; “Shot heard ‘round the world”

The Battle of Saratoga – The turning point in the Revolution. The French entered the war as allies to the Colonists.

The Battle of Yorktown – Major British defeat that effectively ended the war.

Treaty of Paris (1783) – The British recognize American independence.

Revolution Era Vocab

Tariff – tax on imports and exports

• Mercantilism – a nation’s power depended on its wealth; “more money, more power”; regulation of colonial trade (Navigation Acts)

• Grievance – is the wrong doing by England and King George III to the colonists

• Tyranny- is a cruel and unjust government

• Loyalists – Americans who supported Great Britain during the revolution.

• Patriots – Americans who favored independence from Great Britain during the revolution.

• Declaration of Independence –Written by Thomas Jefferson; Lists grievances against King George III and justifies the colonies breaking away from England.

• Unalienable Rights – Rights that cannot be taken away: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

First Constitution: Articles of Confederation

• The Articles of Confederation (1781) – First form of government established by the thirteen states#48

• Shay’s Rebellion- proved the Articles needed revision #34

• Replaced by the U.S. Constitution because it had a weak central government (no court system, no power to tax, no executive branch)

The United States Constitution

Influences:

Magna Carta 1215 - Limited the king’s powers (placed limits on government); provided trial by jury

English Bill of Rights (1687) – Influenced the Constitution by forbidding cruel and unusual punishment; granting the right to bear arms; laws must be passed by the legislative branch; taxes must be approved by the legislative branch.

Declaration of Independence (1776) – The Bill of Rights and the Constitution address grievances from the Dec. of Ind. Unalienable rights: life, liberty, pursuit of happiness.

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”

Important Facts on the Constitution

• 1787- Constitutional Convention: Delegates from twelve states drafted the U.S. Constitution in Philadelphia. This is known also as the Philadelphia Convention.

Constitution Vocab

Alexander Hamilton- author of the Federalist Papers along with John Jay and James Madison

The Preamble- Is the introduction of the Constitution that states its purpose. “We, the people . . .”

Northwest Ordinance of 1787- #10

- Established an orderly expansion of western territory; a means for new states to join Union

- First attempt by the US to stop the spread of slavery

- New states would be given the same rights as previous states

• Anti-Federalists – Opposed ratification of the Constitution; supported a Bill of Rights (George Mason, Patrick Henry) #24, #43

• Federalists – Supported a strong national government and ratification of the Constitution; James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay

• Ratify – to approve

• Federalist Papers (1787-1788) – Essays written to encourage ratification of the Constitution. The authors include Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison.

Constitutional Compromises

Great Compromise – Representation: All states get 2 votes in the Senate; number of seats in the House of Representatives depends on the population of the state--VA and NJ Plans #3

Three-Fifths Compromise – Slavery: Each slave counts as 3/5 a person for taxation and representation

The United States Constitution

Principles of the U.S. Constitution

|Separation of Powers – Divides the powers of the government into three |Checks and Balances – Makes sure no branch of government becomes |

|branches (influenced by writings from Montesquieu) |too powerful. #51 |

|Legislative Branch- makes the laws | |

|Executive Branch – executes the laws |Example: The President can veto a bill and Congress has the power |

|Judicial Branch – interprets the laws |to override the veto. |

|Federalism – Power is shared between the states and national government. #26 |Limited Government – Power of the govt. is restricted by the U.S. |

| |Constitution. “No one is above the law.” |

|Republicanism – A system where people vote for elected representatives to run|Popular Sovereignty – The people hold supreme power. Addressed in |

|the government. |the preamble…“We the people…” |

|Individual Rights – Basic liberties and rights of all citizens are guaranteed|Democracy – Form of government that gives power to the people |

|in the Bill of Rights | |

Political Parties- established in the 1790’s due to political differences between Thomas Jefferson & Alexander Hamilton #44

The United States Constitution: Grievances Stated in Declaration of Independence Addressed in Articles of Confederation and U. S. Constitution

|Grievances of the Declaration of Independence |Articles of Confederation: weak central |Corrections by the |

| |government |U. S. Constitution |

|Centralized power in England left minimal say by|Weak central government and strong state |Established federal system with strong central government |

|colonists over taxation and trade |government: confederation |but shared powers with states. |

| | |Established checks and balances |

|Disliked control by monarch and Parliament |No executive branch to enforce laws |Separation of power and checks and balances |

|Strong Parliament with no representation by the |Congressional power limited with only one vote |Separation of powers and checks and balances with House of|

|colonists, especially on issues of taxation. |per state. Congress had no power to collect |Representatives based on population and Senate based on |

| |taxes nor to settle disputes between states. |equal state representation. Federal government able to |

| | |collect taxes and able to settle disputes between states. |

|Central control of court system |No national court system which led to inability |Set up national and state court system with the Supreme |

| |to deal with grievances between states and |Court serving as the highest authority on constitutional |

| |individuals |issues |

|Troops quartered in homes |Troops could not be quartered in homes |3rd amendment protected citizens from quartering troops |

|Many colonists believed that individual rights |Individual rights protected through strong state |Bill of Rights added to the U. S. Constitution to protect |

|not protected and that property could be taxed |governments that were closer to “home” with |individual rights. Propertied men could vote. |

|and taken away without representation |citizens having the right to vote. | |

Court Cases:

Marbury v. Madison (1803) - established judicial review: Supreme Court has the authority to decide whether a law is constitutional #29

Dred Scott v. Sanford – Supreme Court decision stating Dred Scott (a slave) was considered property, not a citizen, and had no right to bring a lawsuit asking for his freedom; declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional- opening the western territories to slavery

McCullough v. Maryland - federal government overrides state governments

Gibbons v. Ogden - regulate trade between states—Interstate commerce

Worcester v. Georgia - upheld the Cherokee’s right to lands in Georgia #14

The Bill of Rights

• The first ten amendments of the Constitution

• Protect individual rights and liberties

• The Bill of Rights was necessary in order for some states to ratify the Constitution

• Due Process – Amendments 4 – 8 prohibit government officials from taking away a person’s life, liberty, or property without fair and reasonable procedures. #9

1st Amendment – Freedom of speech, religion, and press; right to assemble; right to petition #32

2nd Amendment – Right to bear arms

3rd Amendment – No quartering of soldiers during peace time

4th Amendment – No unlawful search and seizure

5th Amendment – No double jeopardy; cannot be compelled to be a witness against himself

6th Amendment – The right to a fast and public trial #15

7th Amendment – Trial by jury

8th Amendment – No cruel or unusual punishment

9th Amendment – Rights reserved to the people

10th Amendment – Powers reserved to the states #26

War of 1812

Causes: Impressment, Britain interfered with U. S. trade, attacks on Amer. ships, encouraged Indians to attack Americans on frontier #41

Result: Launched the nation into the Industrial Revolution period; growing nationalism and pride

• British attack Washington DC and set the capital on fire

• British retreat from Fort McHenry in Balitmore ; Francis Scott Key writes The Star-Spangled BannerAndrew Jackson wins in the Battle of New Orleans

Era of Good Feelings #46

Monroe Doctrine – States the United States will not interfere with any existing European colonies in the Americas but will fight any new ones

Free Enterprise Economy – A system by which people can conduct business free of government control except for reasonable regulations made for the public good. #39

Jacksonian Democracy

Andrew Jackson: leader of original Democratic Party, “People’s President”

- Beginning of the Democratic Party; favored states’ rights and opposed a strong central government

- Indian Removal Act- Policy that removed Cherokee from eastern homeland

- Trail of Tears – Forced removal of Cherokee Indians from their homes to resettle in Oklahoma

- Jackson withdrew all government funds from the Bank of the United States, forcing the Bank to close

Westward Expansion

Manifest Destiny – the belief that the United States should stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans; land acquisition through the 1860s #5

Louisiana Purchase—1803—doubled the size of the U. S.—purchased from France for 15 million

Texas (1845) – Joined the US as the 28th state #20

Mexican Cession (1848) – California and New Mexcio sold to US for $15 million after the Mexican War #1

Utah Territory (1850) – Established as a territory; Brigham Young becomes governor

Gadsden Purchase (1853) – Bought from Mexico for $10 million

Oregon Territory (1859) – Becomes the 33rd state

Railroads- encouraged settlement in the west, created thousands of jobs, & open new markets for goods #52 (Bessemer Steel Process #49)

Sectionalism- a strong sense of loyalty to a state or section, not the whole country

Mormons- a religious group that moved west and settled in Utah during Manifest Destiny to escape religious persecution. Led by Joseph Smith and Brigham Young

REFORMERS

Abolitionist – Person who fights to end slavery

• Harriet Tubman – Conductor on the Underground Railroad

• Frederick Douglas – Influential speaker and writer

• Sojourner Truth – Spoke about her experiences as a slave

• Suffrage – women’s right to vote

- Elizabeth Cady Stanton – Worked for women’s rights; wrote Declaration of Sentiments @ Seneca Falls Convention in New York state #31

- Susan B. Anthony-campaigned for women’s suffrage

Temperance- campaign against the sale or drinking of alcohol #23

Civil Disobedience- refusal to obey government law as a means of resistance – Henry David Thoreau

Industrial Revolution:

Era of change from cottage industries to factory production using machines

Inventions & Transportation:

• Cotton gin (1793) – invented by Eli Whitney; removed seeds from cotton; increased the demands for slaves

• Steamboat (1807) – invented by Robert Fulton; improved transport of goods and people

• Erie Canal (1825) – decreased shipping costs from the midwest to the east #22

Vocab:

• Urbanization – Population begins to shift from farms to cities as a result of the factory system #35

• Protective Tariff – tax placed on goods from another country to promote American economy

• Interchangeable Parts – Identical machine-made parts for a tool or instrument #40

• Lowell Girls- textile workers who moved from rural areas #8, #27

States’ rights

States’ rights – Belief in local government close to the people; each state should be able to decide issues for themselves

Plantation System – economic system in which slaves provided labor necessary to plant and harvest cash crops #50

Capitalism – an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners, not the federal government

Nullification- idea of a state declaring a federal law illegal

Nullification Crisis – Argument between South Carolina and the federal govt. over the role of the national government. #17

- South Carolina opposed a high tariff (tax on imports) implemented by the national govt.

- South Carolina claimed that states had the right to reject any national law that was to its disadvantage.

- The federal govt. disagreed and threatened military action.

- A compromise was reached through Henry Clay.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Maine enters United States as a free state and Missouri enters as a slave state

36/30 line divided free and slave territory

Compromise of 1850

- California admitted as a free state

- Remainder of Mexican Cession would use popular sovereignty as a means to decide on issue of slavery

- New border between Texas and Mexico

- Slave trade, but NOT slavery, banned in Washington DC

- Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) – popular sovereignty - Resulted in violence between anti & pro-slavery groups #28

the civil War & Reconstruction

Civil War– War between the North and South from 1861-1865

Causes of the Civil War

- Sectionalism (tariffs, bank, internal improvements, etc.)

- Differences between the North and South over slavery and states’ rights.

- Manufacturing economy v. agricultural economy

- Increase of anti-slavery sentiment in the North.

- Lincoln is elected President.

- Uncle Tom’s Cabin #11

|Civil War |North |South |

|Capital |Washington DC |Richmond, VA |

|President |Abraham Lincoln |Jefferson Davis |

|General |Ulysses S. Grant |Robert E. Lee |

Abraham Lincoln – President of the United States during the Civil War. Lincoln was the first Republican President; election encouraged South to secede from the Union; assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.

1st Inaugural Address-secession was illegal, would not interfere with slavery where it already existed, if war started, it would be the South that would be responsible. #38

2nd Inaugural Address- “With malice toward none . . .”

Gettysburg Address (1863) – Two minute speech uniting Americans and expressing what the war was about: “…Government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.”

Emancipation Proclamation (1863) – Document declaring that all of the slaves in the South were free.

Civil War Battles 1861 – 1865

Fort Sumter (April 12 - 14, 1861) – Confederate forces attack US fort in South Carolina: first battle

Gettysburg (July 1 - 4, 1863) – Surprise battle in Pennsylvania; Lee retreats: turning point

Vicksburg (July 1863) – Confederates surrender; Union gains control of Mississippi River: turning point (splits the Confederacy in two)

Appomattox Court House (April 19, 1865) – Lee surrenders to Grant; Grant shows mercy #30

Results of the Civil War

• Supremacy of federal government established.

- Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse and the South loses the war.

- Abraham Lincoln is assassinated five days after the war.

- The Southern economy is devastated while the Northern economy becomes stronger than before the war.

• Reconstruction begins.

• Reconstruction (1865-1877) – The period after the Civil War in the United States when the the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union; 1865-1877

• Black Codes - Restricted/limited rights of free blacks #4

Reconstruction Amendments

13th Amendment – Abolished slavery. #13

14th Amendment – Made former slaves citizens and gave equal protection for all citizens. #19 (reversed Dred Scott decision)

15th Amendment – African-American males are given the right to vote.

• Free Citizen to Vote

Important Economic systems

Free Enterprise Economy – A system by which people can conduct business free of government control except for reasonable regulations made for the public good.

Subsistence Agriculture – The farmer produces just enough to support himself and his family with nothing left for purchasing manufactured goods.

Market-oriented Agriculture – Agricultural goods are produced in mass quantities with the intention of selling them on the market.

Immigration- Movement of people into a country from another country.

Migration- Movement of persons from one location to another. (ie. Irish immigrants- potato famine #21)

Columbian Exchange- The exchange of crops, animals, disease, and ideas of different cultures after Europeans landed in the Americas

Quiz yourself…

1607-

1620-

1776-

1787-

1803-

1861-1865-

Notes:

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Jamestown, Virginia - Founded in 1607 by the VA Company; colony saved by tobacco

Plymouth, Massachusetts – Founded-1620 by Pilgrims for religious freedom

Pennsylvania – Founded in 1680 by William Penn; ideas of tolerance and equality; Quakers

Georgia – Founded in 1733 by James Oglethorpe as a debtors’ colony

George Washington

1st Pres. under new constitution, inherited debt from Am. Rev #6

John Adams

[pic]

2nd President of the US; help negotiate Treaty of Paris, ending the Am Rev

James Madison

[pic]

4th President of the US; wrote U.S. Cons; Pres. during the War of 1812

Alexander Hamilton[pic]

Wrote Federalist Papers; First Sec. of Treas. under Washington

Henry Clay

From the West; “Great Compromiser”

Daniel Webster

Senator from the North; opposed slavery

John C. Calhoun

Senator from the South; supported slavery

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