Clinical Psychology: Contemporary Study (AJW)



3435985178689000132715151384000With reference to Carlsson?et al.?(2000), explain how two neurotransmitters, other than dopamine, maybe linked to schizophrenia (4)Andre is…”A NiceLad - Didn’t Revise Enough” What does he think when he sees this question?Carlsson: Oh God…I was hoping this wouldn’t come up…! So let me think…we did the Quizizz, I got a lot wrong We made a synapse out of coloured paper but I lost a lot of the pieces, oh no! …let me think now…serotonin, glutamate, GABA, hmmm…. I definitely should have spent more time on this…2857539370Betty has…Brilliant exam technique – So what is she thinking when she reads this question?Explain, what does that mean? So I have to think about what the neurotransmitters do and why this is linked to schizophrenia? Carlsson (2000): this was a hard topic so I’m glad I made my synapse and kept redrawing my flow chart of interactions, did the quizizz, about 15 times, listened to the podcast on loop, got my friends to test me using my flashcards and revisited this topic regularly until my brain ached!4 marks; So its 2 minutes per neurotransmitters and better not write too much or I’ll run out of time elsewhere…00Betty has…Brilliant exam technique – So what is she thinking when she reads this question?Explain, what does that mean? So I have to think about what the neurotransmitters do and why this is linked to schizophrenia? Carlsson (2000): this was a hard topic so I’m glad I made my synapse and kept redrawing my flow chart of interactions, did the quizizz, about 15 times, listened to the podcast on loop, got my friends to test me using my flashcards and revisited this topic regularly until my brain ached!4 marks; So its 2 minutes per neurotransmitters and better not write too much or I’ll run out of time elsewhere…-3467100567690How do Dre and Betty differ in the way they think about the question?00How do Dre and Betty differ in the way they think about the question?With reference to Carlsson?et al.?(2000), explain how two neurotransmitters, other than dopamine, maybe linked to schizophrenia (4)Dre’s answer: Carlsson’s research was quite ground-breaking as he found that there was more than just dopamine involved in schizophrenia.Another neurochemical that is involved is serotonin which controls dopamine.Clozapine blocks serotonin receptors and reduces negative symptoms as well as positive.Glutamate is also involved and this can be in both the mesocortical and mesolimbic pathways. The trouble is that GABA is not picked up and this means dopamine levels reduce.WWW:EBI:DIRT:Imagine you are Betty, she reads through Dre’s answer. She wants to make him feel better about the topic so picks out the best bits and draw him a picture to help him understand it better. What might she draw to help him? Sketch your ideas here:Now re-write Dre’s answer as though you are Betty, can you get 4/4?Explain one strength?and one weakness of Carlsson?et al.?(2000). (4)Betty’s answer:One strength of Carlsson’s idea that low levels of glutamate leads to positive symptoms of schizophrenia is that it is supported by evidence from studies of ketamine and PCP using animals. For example it is known that ketamine and PCP block NMDA glutamate receptors and therefore they are glutamate antagonists. This is important evidence as these drugs bring about schizophrenia-like symptoms similar to amphetamines, which enhance dopamine levels, therefore the ketamine studies show that dopamine levels can be increased in more than one way.One weakness of Carlsson’s ideas about low levels of glutamate and high levels of dopamine and serotonin as a cause of schizophrenia is that it does not explain why schizophrenia symptoms seems to be affected by socio-cultural factors. For example, Luhrmann showed that people in India and Ghana are more likely to have a positive experience of hearing voices whereas in the US the voices tend to be more accusatory and frightening. Biochemical explanations cannot explain this important difference in the subjective experience of auditory hallucinations.WWW:EBI:DIRT:28886151206500142875032004000-4286252425700020834355207000 ................
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