Classification of Microorganisms

[Pages:23]Ch 10

Classification of

Microorganisms

Student Learning Outcomes

Define taxonomy, taxon, and phylogeny. List the characteristics of the Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya domains. Differentiate among eukaryotic, prokaryotic, and viral species. Explain the scientific naming Differentiate between culture, clone, and strain. Compare and contrast classification and identification. Explain the purpose of Bergey's Manual. Describe how staining and biochemical tests are used to identify bacteria. Explain how serological tests and phage typing can be used to identify an

unknown bacterium. Describe how a newly discovered microbe can be classified by ribotyping,

DNA fingerprinting, and PCR. Describe how microorganisms can be identified by nucleic acid

hybridization, DNA chips, and FISH. Explain and apply a dichotomous key

Copyright ? 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Taxonomy and Phylogeny

Taxonmoy: Science of classifying organisms. Provides universal names for organisms.

Taxonomic categories: Taxon / Taxa

Phylogeny or Systematics: Evolutionary history of group of organisms.

Taxonomic hierarchy shows phylogenetic (evolutionary), relationships among organisms.

1969: Living organisms divided into five kingdoms. 1978: Two types of prokaryotic cells found. Prokaryotic

relationships determined by rRNA sequencing. All Species Inventory (2001?2025)

Copyright ? 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Three-Domain System

Foundation Fig 10.1

Copyright ? 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Level Above Kindom: The Three-Domain System

Carl Woese 1978

Eubacteria (virtuosos) Archaea (weirdoes)

Eukarya (predators and thieves) Copyright ? 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Endosymbiotic Theory: Origin of Eukaryotes

Figs 10.2, 10.3

Cyanophora paradoxa: modern example of possible evolutionary process Copyright ? 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Scientific Nomenclature

Common names Vary with languages Vary with geography

Binomial Nomenclature (genus + specific epithet) Used worldwide Escherichia coli Homo sapiens

Copyright ? 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Scientific Names

Scientific Binomial

Source of Genus Name

Klebsiella pneumoniae Honors Edwin Klebs

Source of Specific Epithet

The disease

Pfiesteria piscicida

Salmonella typhimurium Streptococcus pyogenes Penicillium chrysogenum

Trypanosoma cruzi

Honors Lois Pfiester Disease in fish

Honors Daniel Salmon Chains of cells (strepto-) Tuftlike (penicill-) Corkscrew-like (trypano-, borer; soma-, body)

Stupor (typh-) in mice (muri-) Forms pus (pyo-) Produces a yellow (chryso-) pigment Honors Oswaldo Cruz

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