Gravity Unit Packet
Simple Machines Unit Packet
[pic][pic][pic]
Name: _____________________________ Period: _______
|Date: |Lesson/Worksheets/Labs: |Score: |
|(subject to change) | | |
|Every Day |Starter Questions (1 box/day) |/12 |
|Every Day |WS: Simple Machines Unit Vocabulary |/50 |
|/(B) or /(A) |Lesson: Work & Power |
| |Lab: Work & Power |/50 |
|/(B) or / (A) |Lesson: Machines |
| |WS: Bill Nye Simple Machines |/24 |
| |WS: ID of Machines |/16 |
|/ (B) or / (A) |Lesson: Mechanical Advantage |
| |Lab: MA of Levers |/70 |
|/ (B) or / (A) |Lab: MA of Ramps |/40 |
| |Lab: MA of Pulley’s |/40 |
| |Quiz: Simple Machines |/24 |
| |WS: Simple Machines WA Review |/40 |
|Total Unit Points | |
Starter Questions: (3 points each)
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| |
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[pic]
(1 point each written item)
Main Principals of Simple Machines
1) Work is only done when the _______________ and _______________ are in the ______
___________________.
2) Power is only about _________________ work gets _____________.
3) Simple machines work by ___________________________ or both of two main variables: ________________ &/or ____________________
4) As a result of the __________________, an __________________ occurs and work gets done on an object!
5) What we really want to do is get the _______________________________ as __________________ as possible.
6) __________________________________ is all about getting the ______________ to make the job as ______________________________ as possible!
7) The ________________ the ________________________________, the ____________ it is to accomplish the ______________.
______________________________________________________________________________
Vocabulary Terms you need for the test:
1) Work
Definition:
What is the formula for work:
What is the unit for work: _______________
How much work is done if you push with a large amount of force, but no motion occurs?
2) Power
Definition:
Why does a power saw have more “power” than a hand saw?
What is the formula for power: What is the unit for Power: _______
3) Effort
Definition:
Give an example of using a machine to travel a distance with less effort than walking:
4) Machine
Definition:
Q: Why do we use machines?
A:
5) Input
Definition: Push or pull that ________________________ to the machine
Give an example of a human using Input force:
6) Output
Definition: Push or pull _________________________ on the object
Give an example of the output force from a machine as a result of a human’s input force:
7) Lever
Definition:
Draw a basic lever (Label the input and output sides):
8) Pulley
Definition:
Draw a basic pulley (Label the input and output sides):
9) Incline Plane (Ramp)
Definition:
Draw a basic ramp (Label the input and output sides):
10) Wedge
Definition:
Draw a basic wedge (Label the input and output sides):
11) Wheel & Axle
Definition:
Draw a basic wheel & axle (Label the input and output sides):
12) Compound Machine
Definition:
13) Efficient
Definition:
14) Mechanical Advantage
Definition:
What is the formula for MA:
[pic]
Materials:
• stopwatch calculator
• stairs
• meter stick
Problem:
Can you change the amount of power you use while doing an exercise?
Procedure:
1) This lab will be performed on a single stair step.
2) Predict how your results will change if you step up and down at different speeds.
3) Measure the vertical distance in centimeters from the floor to the top of the step. Convert to meters by dividing by 100 and record this height in the data table.
4) Convert your weight from Pounds to Newton’s: multiply your weight(lbs) by 4.448 = N
5) Calculate the work you do in stepping up onto the step once. Record this in your data table.
6) Have one partner time how long it takes you to do 20 step repetitions performed at a constant speed. Count out loud to help the timer keep track of the number of repetitions. Record the time in your data table. (two feet up & two feet down = one repetition)
7) Calculate the Work and the Power in stepping up onto the step for 20 times “slowly”. Record your results in the data table.
8) Repeat Steps 5 thru 7, but climb the step “faster” than you did the first time. Record the new data in the data table.
9) Switch roles with your partners and repeat Steps 5 thru 7.
10) Record all your data in the data table.
Equations:
Work = Force x Distance (weight is a force & height is a distance)
Power = Work / Time
Predict: How will the power needed and the work performed change when you increase the speed of the repetitions of steps? (2 pts. each)
Power:
Work:
Data Table (1 point each for 36 pts. total)
| |Weight (N) |Height of |Work for 1 |Work for 20 Repetitions |Time for 20 Repetitions |Power (W) |
| | |stair (m) |Repetition (J) |(J) |(s) | |
|Student 1 Slow | | | | | | |
|Repetitions | | | | | | |
|Student 1 Fast | | | | | | |
|Repetitions | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|Student 2 Fast | | | | | | |
|Repetitions | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|Student 3 Fast | | | | | | |
|Repetitions | | | | | | |
Analyze and Conclude (2 pts each for 10 pts. total)
1. Compare the amount of work you did during your first and second trials.
Trial 1: Trial 2:
2. Compare the amount of power you produced during your first and second trials.
Trial 1: Trial 2:
3. Compare your results to your prediction: What was the same? What was different that you expected?
4. Describe the amount of effort required for the slow and fast tests:
5. Did you and your partners all do the same amount of work? Did you all produce the same amount of power? Explain your answers.
[pic]
1) What is a good example of a simple machine you would find on a car?
2) What two things do simple machines help us change?
3) What does a pulley change?
4) A catapult is a good example of what kind of simple machine?
5) What do we call the middle of a lever?
6) What must you have in order to make a lever?
7) A ramp is used instead of a ladder because it spread what out?
8) If we use a ramp to raise a large object instead of picking it straight up, we would be using less what with the ramp?
9) A spiral staircase is a lot like what kind of simple machine?
10) What are some examples of what a screw can lift (jack)?
11) What makes the famous San Francisco streetcars go?
12) If a pulley can enable you to use ½ the normal effort to lift a load, what could you do if you only wanted to use ¼ the normal effort to do the same work?
[pic]
Observe the cartoon on the next page. Identify each simple machine represented in the machine. Your choices of machines will be: Lever, inclined plane, pulley, wedge, screw, wheel & axel, and pendulum (not really a simple machine, but will be ok in this worksheet)
A. _________________________________________________
B. _________________________________________________
C. _________________________________________________
D. _________________________________________________
E. _________________________________________________
F. _________________________________________________
G. _________________________________________________
H. _________________________________________________
I. __________________________________________________
J. __________________________________________________
K. _________________________________________________
L. _________________________________________________
M. _________________________________________________
N. _________________________________________________
O. _________________________________________________
P. _________________________________________________
[pic]
Levers are simple machines that consist of a rigid bar that is free to rotate around a fixed point. This fixed point is called a “fulcrum.”
There are three main types of levers:
First class: Second Class: Third Class:
[pic]Purpose:
In this lab you will be determining the actual mechanical advantage of levers when you adjust the fulcrum, mass and force.
Mechanical Advantage Equation:
MA= Output Force
Input Force
Materials:
-1 Meter stick -1 Fulcrum Stand
-1 500 g mass -2 Hanger Brackets
-1 20 N Force meter -1 Middle Bracket
Procedure:
1) Set up your machine as indicated by the diagrams (on the back side of this page).
2) Get your data
3) Repeat for all the rest of the setups.
4) Record all you data in the data table below:
Prediction: (2 pts. Each)
1) Which lever setup will give you the greatest mechanical advantage (predict)?
2) How many Newton’s (N) are required to lift a 500 gram mass: _________
3) What number represented a “basic” Mechanical Advantage?
First Class Lever (1 point each)
|Fulcrum Position |Output Force |Input Force (N) |Mechanical Advantage: | |
|(cm) |(N) | | |Effort (Circle One): |
|50 cm | | | |XXXXXXXXXXXX |
|30 cm | | | | |
| | | | |More Less |
|70 cm | | | | |
| | | | |More Less |
1) In order to make the MA “better”, what did you do with the fulcrum?
2) Which side of the lever had to be longer (Input or Output) for the “better” MA?
3) What happened to the MA when the Input side was SHORTER than the Output side?
Second Class Lever (use your finger to hold the lever on the fulcrum) (1 point each)
|Mass Position (cm) |Output Force |Input Force (N) |Mechanical | |
| |(N) | |Advantage |Effort (Circle One): |
|50 cm | | | |XXXXXXXXXXXXX |
|30 cm | | | | |
| | | | |More Less |
|70 cm | | | | |
| | | | |More Less |
4) In order to make the MA “better”, what did you do with the position of the mass?
5) Which side of the lever had to be longer (Input or Output) for the “better” MA?
6) What happened to the MA when the Input side was SHORTER than the Output side?
Third Class Lever (use your finger to hold the lever on the fulcrum) (1 point each)
|Input Force |Output Force |Input Force (N) |Mechanical |Effort (Circle One): |
|Position (cm) |(N) | |Advantage | |
|50 cm | | | |XXXXXXXXXXXXXX |
|30 cm | | | | |
| | | | |More Less |
|70 cm | | | | |
| | | | |More Less |
7) In order to make the MA “better”, what did you do with the position of the input effort?
8) Which side of the lever had to be longer (Input or Output) for the “better” MA?
9) What happened to the MA when the Input side was SHORTER than the Output side?
[pic]
Purpose:
In this experiment, you will compare the effort required to move an object (as a result of Mechanical Advantage) up ramps of different slopes. You will also calculate the amount of work done by the ramps. What will the results be when you change the steepness and/or height of a ramp?
• Work: The result of a force being applied to an object and the measurement of the distance that
object has moved. ***Work is measured in joules.
Work (J) = Force x Distance
• Mechanical Advantage: When the machine’s output force is greater than the Input force required to operate it. The work becomes easier to accomplish. ***No unit for MA!!!
MA = Output Force/Input Force
Materials
• Short Ramp
• Long Ramp
• Wood Block
• Force Meter
• Calculator
• 3 Books
• Ruler/meter stick
• Counter edge
Procedures:
1. Pile 3 books high.
2. Lean the short board against the stack of books so that the board forms a ramp (inclined plane).
3. Measure from the end of the ramp to the bottom corner of the books and then the height from the base of the books to the top of the books. Record this data in your table.
4. Attach the wood block to your force meter, and then drag the block of wood up the ramp. Record the amount of Input force in your data table.
5. Repeat the experiment with the long ramp at the same height. Record this data in the table.
6. Calculate the mechanical advantage and work for ramp.
7. Repeat steps 2-6 for the experiment using the counter edge to rest your ramps against. The ramps will both be taller and steeper for these tests.
8. Answer the questions that follow.
[pic]
Predict: (2 points each)
1) What will happen to the amount of Input force needed to pull the block as the ramp gets steeper?
2) What will happen to the amount of work we accomplish when the ramp gets longer?
3 Book Test: (Have the top of the ramps as close to even with the top of books as you can)
|Ramp |Length of Ramp |Height of Ramp |Output Force (N) |Input Force |Mechanical |Effort Comparison: |
| |Base (m) |(m) |(lift straight up)|(N) |Advantage |(Circle One) |
| | | | |(Pull up ramp) |(Output/Input) | |
|Short | | | | | |More Less |
|Long | | | | | |More Less |
Work accomplished during test:
Use the Work equation with the following as your variables: Output Force (N) x Height of Ramp (m) = Work
Short Ramp:
Long Ramp:
Edge of Counter test: (Have the top of the ramps as close to even with the top of counter as you can)
|Ramp |Length of Ramp |Height of Ramp |Output Force (N) |Input Force |Mechanical |Effort Comparison: |
| |Base (m) |(m) |(lift straight up)|(N) |Advantage |(Circle One) |
| | | | |(Pull up ramp) |(Output/Input) | |
|Short | | | | | |More Less |
|Long | | | | | |More Less |
Work accomplished during test:
Use the Work equation with the following as your variables: Output Force (N) x Height of Ramp (m) = Work
Short Ramp:
Long Ramp:
Post Lab Questions: (2 points each)
1. What happened to your mechanical advantage when you used the longer (less steep) ramp?
2. Did the effort increase or decrease when the ramp was steeper? What if it was Taller?
3. What happened to the amount of work you accomplished when the ramp was steeper?
4. If we want to raise an object to a certain height; what would be the best solution? To use a longer ramp or a shorter ramp?
[pic]
Pulleys are simple machines used to life objects vertically. A pulley consists of a rope wrapped around a wheel. There are three types of pulleys:
Fixed Pulley: Moveable Pulley: Block and Tackle:
[pic] [pic] [pic]
Purpose:
In this lab you will be determining the actual Mechanical Advantage of all the types of pulley configurations.
Materials:
-single pulleys -1 Iron ring
-double pulleys -1 500 g mass
-1 string -1 20 N Force meter
-1 ring stand
Mechanical Advantage Equation: M.A. = Output Force
Input Force
Prediction: (2 pts)
Which pulley set-up will produce the highest Mechanical Advantage?
Procedure:
1) Find the Weight (N) of the 500 g mass by hanging it from the force meter: _________ (1 pt)
2) Lift (Input) the 500 g mass 5 cm (Output) with the force meter.
3) Record the Output force, Input distance & Input force for each test.
4) To find the Input distance: measure the distance the black mark on the string moves. This is the Input distance. For all amounts in this lab, go ahead and round to the nearest whole number.
5) The ratio is how many times greater is the Input distance from the Output distance
Ex: 15 cm Input and 5 cm Output = 3:1 ratio (15 cm is 3 times greater than 5 cm)
6) Repeat the experiment for all configurations and record all data in the data table.
Data: (20 pts.)
|Pulleys |Input Distance |
|2. __ Output Force |b. Another word for Leverage |
|3. __ Work |c. The pivot for a lever. |
|4. __ Effort |d. Force x Distance |
|5. __ Mechanical Advantage |e. Force that you apply to the simple machine |
|6. __ Fulcrum |f. Describes the input force |
Questions:
1. Identify the following terms on the diagram below:
a. Effort arm
b. Result arm
c. Input side
d. Input force
e. Output side
f. Output force
[pic]
2. According to the diagram below, what happens to the amount of effort (Input force) I would need to apply if I moved the fulcrum to where the arrow indicates?
3. Calculate how much work (force x distance) is done on both sides of the lever:
4. Question: which following machine did more work on the object? (BE CAREFUL!!!)
5. If I was to make lifting an object with a lever EASIER to do (take less effort) what should I do with the fulcrum?
6. If I wanted to cut thick branches of a tree, which set of trimmers would I want to use? Write next to the correct picture one sentence explaining why:
A[pic] B [pic]
7. If all the shown masses are equal, which of these levers would have the greatest mechanical advantage?
8. Four levers were built and tested by lifting a large mass which required 4N to move. The effort needed for each is listed here:
a. Lever A = 0.5 N
b. Lever B = 1 N
c. Lever C = 2 N
d. Lever D = 4 N
Which lever had the greatest mechanical advantage?
9. What would the mechanical advantage of a pulley be if the output force was 12 N and an input force of 3 N?
MA =
10. What is the easiest way to increase the MA of a ramp?
11. Why don’t you want to change the height of a ramp when changing the length?
12. On the ramp diagram, if I were to increase the height of the ramp, how would that affect the amount of work I would have to do?
13. Identify the fulcrum point and where the input and output forces are.
14. Which pair of scissors has LESS mechanical advantage? Explainwhy:
15. Question: which following machine did more work on the object? (BE CAREFUL!!!)
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Being absent does not excuse you from missing work! It is your responsibility to get caught up!
Make-up labs will be scheduled during Pride Time if you miss a lab. Make sure you come to these make up days!
If you miss a starter question day, the questions are posted to the unit page on the class website after the class is over.
/12
/50
If you are missing any part of this worksheet, you can view the lessons on the unit page any time. The answer key will also be posted on the website after the review day (before the test)
/50
70 cm
30 cm
50 cm
0 cm
100 cm
70 cm
30 cm
50 cm
100 cm
0 cm
Legend Key:
[pic][pic] Input Force
[pic] Mass
[pic] Fulcrum
On the levers to the right, use colored pencils and color over the input side yellow. And color over the output side green! (two points each)
/16
/24
50 cm
100 cm
0 cm
30 cm
70 cm
/24
/40
20N
20N
/40
Shorter Height but Different Steepness
Taller Height AND Different Steepness
10cm
10cm
8N
4N
F: 5N
ID: 40 cm
W: _________
F: 20N
OD: 10 cm
W: __________
/70
/40
4N
8N
10cm
10cm
20N
20N
1 point for each item required:
If you miss this video, it can be viewed either on You Tube or by checking it out of the library during Pride Time
If you miss this lab, make sure you attend the Pride Time make up session.
If you miss this lab, make sure you attend the make up session during Pride Time
If you miss this lab, make sure you attend the make up session during Pride Time
The make up for this quiz, and the answer key, are found on the unit page of the class website
If you miss this lab, make sure you attend the make up session during Pride Time
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