The Earth and Its Peoples - MR. STEINHARDT'S AP WORLD ...

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The Earth and Its Peoples

A Global History

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ADVANCED PLACEMENT* EDITION

The Earth and Its Peoples

A Global History

THIRD EDITION

Richard W. Bulliet

Columbia University

Pamela Kyle Crossley

Dartmouth College

Daniel R. Headrick

Roosevelt University

Steven W. Hirsch

Tufts University

Lyman L. Johnson

University of North Carolina?Charlotte

David Northrup

Boston College

Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New York

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Document-Based Questions: Bard Keeler Publisher: Charles Hartford Editor-in-Chief: Jean L. Woy Senior Sponsoring Editor: Nancy Blaine Senior Development Editor: Jennifer Sutherland Editorial Associate: Annette Fantasia Senior Project Editor: Carol Newman Editorial Assistant: Trinity Peacock-Broyles Senior Design Coordinator: Jill Haber Senior Designer: Henry Rachlin Manufacturing Manager: Florence Cadran Senior Marketing Manager: Sandra McGuire

Cover illustration: New Year's Festival (woodcut) by Utagawa Kunisada (1786?1864) Victoria and Albert Museum, London, UK / Bridgeman Art Library International, Ltd.

Part opener credits: Pt. 1, p. 1: Gian Berto Vanni/Corbis; Pt. 2, p. 89: ? Corbis; Pt. 3, p. 193: Tokyo National Museum/DNP Archives; Pt. 4, p. 291: Biblioth?que nationale de France; Pt. 5, p. 401: Library of Congress; Pt. 6, p. 537: ? Hulton-Deutsch/Corbis; Pt. 7, p. 677: Charles O'Rear/Corbis; Pt. 8, p. 817 ? Corbis.

Chapter opener credits: Ch. 1, p. 4: Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; Ch. 2, p. 36: Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum; Ch. 3, p. 59: Woodfin Camp & Associates; Ch. 4, p. 92: Bibliot?que nationale de France; Ch. 5, p. 123: ? Dennis Cox/ChinaStock; Ch. 6, p. 150: Dinodia Photo Library; Ch. 7, p. 173: Allan Eaton/Ancient Art & Architecture; Ch. 8, p. 196: Suleymaniye Library, Istanbul. Courtesy, Karen Pinto, History Department, Columbia University; Ch. 9, p. 218: Mus?e de Bayeaux/ Michael Holford; Ch. 10, p. 248: Fujita Art Museum; Ch. 11, p. 267: Justin Kerr; Ch. 12, p. 294: Imperial Household Agency/International Society for Educational Information, Japan; Ch. 13, p. 324: Imperial Household Collection, Kyoto; Ch. 14, p. 349: Copyright Brussels, Royal Library of Belgium; Ch. 15, p. 375: G. Dagli Orti/The Art Archive; Ch. 16, p. 404: Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna/The Bridgeman Art Library, New York and London; Ch. 17, p. 430: Archivo General de la Naci?n, Buenos Aires; Ch. 18, p. 457: From William Clark, Ten Views in the Islands of Antigua, 1823. British Library; Ch. 19, p. 484: V&A Picture Library; Ch. 20, p. 510: Novosti; Ch. 21, p. 540: Jean-Loup Charmet/ The Bridgeman Art Library; Ch. 22, p. 568: Science & Society Picture Library; Ch. 23, p. 592: Estaci?n de Orizaba, 1877. From Casimiro Castro, Album del Ferro-Carril Mexicano: Coleccion de Vista Pintadas (Victor Debray and Company, 1877); Ch. 24, p. 623: Eyre and Hobbs House Art Gallery; Ch. 25, p. 650: Mary Evans Picture Library; Ch. 26, p. 680: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, gift of Lincoln Kirstein, 1959 (JP 3346). Photograph by Otto E. Nelson. Photograph ? 1986 The Metropolitan Museum of Art; Ch. 27, p. 707: Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz; Ch. 28, p. 735: Imperial War Museum/The Art Archive; Ch. 29, p. 765: akg-images; Ch. 30, p. 793: Genevieve Naylor, photographer/Reznikoff Artistic Partnership, NY; Ch. 31, p. 820: Bettmann/Corbis; Ch. 32, p. 847: Paul Chesley/Getty Images; Ch. 33, p. 878: AFP Photo/ Doug Kanter/Getty Images.

*"Advanced Placement" and "AP" are registered trademarks of the College Board, which is not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

Copyright ? 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Houghton Mifflin Company unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal copyright law. Address inquiries to College Permissions, Houghton Mifflin Company, 222 Berkeley Street, Boston, MA 02116-3764.

Printed in U.S.A.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003113993

ISBN: 0-618-42770-8

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Brief Contents

1 2

3

4

5

6

PART ONE

PART FOUR

7

The Emergence of Human Communities,

Interregional Patterns of Culture and

8

to 500 B.C.E. 1

Contact, 1200?1550 291

9

1 From the Origins of Agriculture

12 Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath,

10 11

to the First River-Valley Civilizations,

1200?1500 294

12

8000-1500 B.C.E. 4

13 Tropical Africa and Asia, 1200?1500 324

13

2 New Civilizations in the Eastern and

14 The Latin West, 1200?1500 349

14

Western Hemispheres, 2200?250 B.C.E. 36

15 The Maritime Revolution, to 1550 375

15 16

3 The Mediterranean and Middle East,

17 18

2000?500 B.C.E. 59

PART FIVE

19

The Globe Encompassed, 1500?1750 401

20

16 Transformations in Europe,

21

PART TWO

1500?1750 404

22

The Formation of New Cultural Communities, 1000 B.C.E.?600 C.E. 89

4 Greece and Iran, 1000?30 B.C.E. 92

17 The Diversity of American Colonial

Societies, 1530?1770 430

18 The Atlantic System and Africa,

23 24 25 26

5 An Age of Empires: Rome and Han China,

1550?1800 457

27

753 B.C.E.?600 C.E. 123

6 India and Southeast Asia,

1500 B.C.E.?600 C.E. 150

7 Networks of Communication and

19 Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean,

1500?1750 484

20 Northern Eurasia, 1500?1800 510

28 29 30 31 32

Exchange, 300 B.C.E.?600 C.E. 173

33

PART SIX

34

Revolutions Reshape the World,

35

PART THREE

1750?1870 537

36

Competition Among Cultural Communities, 600?1200 193

8 The Rise of Islam, 600?1200 196

21 Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic

World, 1750?1850 540

22 The Early Industrial Revolution,

37 38 39 40

9 Christian Europe Emerges, 600?1200 218

1760?1851 568

41

10 Inner and East Asia, 600?1200 243 11 Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas,

600?1500 267

23 Nation Building and Economic

Transformation in the Americas, 1800?1890 592

42 43 44 45

24 Africa, India, and the New British Empire,

46

1750?1870 623

47

25 Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism,

1800?1870 650

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vi Brief Contents

1

2

PART SEVEN

PART EIGHT

3

Global Diversity and Dominance,

Perils and Promises of a Global Community,

4

1850?1945 677

1945 to the Present 817

5 6 7

26 The New Power Balance, 1850?1900 680 27 The New Imperialism, 1869?1914 707

31 The Cold War and Decolonization,

1945?1975 820

8

28 The Crisis of the Imperial Order,

32 Crisis, Realignment, and the Dawn of the

9

1900?1929 735

Post?Cold War World, 1975?1991 847

10 11 12

29 The Collapse of the Old Order,

1929?1949 765

33 Globalization at the Turn of the

Millennium 878

13

30 Striving for Independence: Africa, India,

14

and Latin America, 1900?1949 793

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

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28

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Contents

1 2

3

4

5

MAPS xviii ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY xx DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE xx DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTIONS xxi

6

2 New Civilizations in the Eastern

7

and Western Hemispheres,

8

2200?250 B.C.E. 36

9 10

PREFACE xxiii

Early China, 2000?221 B.C.E. 38

11

ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxviii NOTE ON SPELLING AND USAGE xxix

PART ONE

Geography and Resources 38 ? The Shang Period,

12

1750?1027 B.C.E. 40 ? The Zhou Period, 1027?

13

221 B.C.E. 42 ? Confucianism, Daoism, and Chinese

14

Society 45

15

Nubia, 3100 B.C.E.?350 C.E. 48

16

The Emergence of Human

Early Cultures and Egyptian Domination, 2300?1100

17

Communities, to 500 B.C.E.

1

B.C.E. 49 ? The Kingdom of Mero?, 800 B.C.E.?350 C.E. 50

First Civilizations of the Americas: The Olmec and Chav?n, 1200?250 B.C.E. 51

18 19 20

The Mesoamerican Olmec, 1200?400 B.C.E. 52 ? Early

21

1 From the Origins of Agriculture to the

First River-Valley Civilizations,

8000?1500 B.C.E. 4

Before Civilization 6 Food Gathering and Stone Technology 6 ?

South American Civilization: Chav?n, 900?250 B.C.E. 54

CONCLUSION 56 / KEY TERMS 57 / SUGGESTED READING 57 / NOTES 57 ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: Divination in Ancient

Societies 42

22 23 24 25 26 27

The Agricultural Revolutions 7 ? Life in Neolithic

DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: Hierarchy and Conduct in

28

Communities 11

the Analects of Confucius 46

29

Mesopotamia 14

DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTION: Social Status in Early

30

Settled Agriculture in an Unstable Landscape 14 ? Cities,

Complex Societies 58

31

Kings, and Trade 16 ? Mesopotamian Society 17 ? Gods,

32

Priests, and Temples 18 ? Technology and Science 19

Egypt 23 The Land of Egypt: "Gift of the Nile" 23 ? Divine Kingship 25 ? Administration and Communication 25 ? The People of Egypt 27 ? Belief and Knowledge 27

3 The Mediterranean and Middle East,

2000?500 B.C.E. 59

The Cosmopolitan Middle East, 1700?1100 B.C.E. 62 Western Asia 62 ? New Kingdom Egypt 63 ?

33 34 35 36 37 38

The Indus Valley Civilization 29

Commerce and Communication 65

39

Natural Environment 30 ? Material Culture 30 ?

The Aegean World, 2000?1100 B.C.E. 66

40

Transformation of the Indus Valley Civilization 31

Minoan Crete 66 ? Mycenaean Greece 67 ? The Fall of

41

CONCLUSION 33 / KEY TERMS 34 /

Late Bronze Age Civilizations 70

42

SUGGESTED READING 34 / NOTES 35

The Assyrian Empire, 911?612 B.C.E. 71

43

ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: Environmental Stress

God and King 71 ? Conquest and Control 72 ? Assyrian

44

in the Indus Valley 32

Society and Culture 73

45

DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: Violence and Order in the

Israel, 2000?500 B.C.E. 74

46

Babylonian New Year's Festival 20

Origins, Exodus, and Settlement 74 ? Rise of the

47

DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTION: Early Civilizations and the

Monarchy 76 ? Fragmentation and Dispersal 77

48 49

Physical Environment 35

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