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Unit 6 Test STUDY GUIDEImperialismSocial DarwinismCivilizationDiplomacySettler coloniesLeopold IIDutch East India CompanyNew ZealandTupac Amaru IISamory ToureSepoy RebellionCherokee NationZulu KingdomXhosa movementMahdist wars in SudanRubber in BrazilPalm oil in West AfricaGuano in PeruDiamonds from AfricaOpium WarsMigration of peoplesEthnic enclavesChinese migrantsIrish migrantsWhite Australian policyIn the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, what did Social Darwinists believe? What were European movtivations and justifications for imperialism? For nationalism? What did communists and Marxists believe?What did the Chinese leadership do to try to stop the British from selling Opium in China? Did it work? What would a liberal response to colonialism be? (think about South America and Africa) What would census data from New York and Buenos Aires detailing the birthplaces of individuals show you? What would African accounts of converting to Christianity in the late 19th century show you? Trace the trade patterns of British imports of raw materials and exports of finished goods during the nineteenth century. How did most British people view China compared with themselves?In the mid-twentieth century, why was there a presence of Chinese and Japanese populations in North America and of South Asian populations in the Caribbean and South Africa? It can be inferred that in the late nineteenth century international relations were increasingly perceived as being governed by what ideologies? Did European colonizers really improve life in their colonies as they claimed to do? (use examples to illustrate your answer) How did migration patterns change the lives of women in home societies? Late-nineteenth-century transoceanic labor migrations were most directly facilitated by what other technological developments?Long-distance immigration to the Americas in the late nineteenth century contributed to what other processes? What made Ethiopia not get colonized like other areas of Africa? How were political rivalries a part of the rapid expansion of European empires in Africa in the late nineteenth century? How did European states change how they governed their colonies in the late nineteenth century?How would you describe the management of colonial enterprises by the Dutch and British East India companies in the 17th century? In what way was the British East India Company?s intrusion into India similar to the Dutch entry into Java? How was the British experience in India different than that of the Dutch in Java? In the first half of the 19th century, what European nation dominated overseas trade and empire building? What is jingoism and how did it play a role in foreign policy? What is the definition of ?tropical dependencies?? In what way was Latin America different from the other regions that remained outside the direct control of Western imperialism? What event was rejected by creole elites as a model of revolution because of excessive radicalism? The leader of the slave independence movement on the island of St. Domingue was who?In what way was the experience of the Napoleonic wars different for Portugal than for Spain?How would you describe the political organization of Latin America to 1850? Describe the reforms of Mahmud II and his predecessor, Selim III. What was a part of the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire? How did women’s status change as a result of the Tanzimat reforms?Which group was responsible for the overthrow of the Ottoman sultanate in 1908? What was the result of the rebellion by Egyptian army officers in 1882? Explain ONE way in which philosophies or ideologies?continued to support?European imperialism in the nineteenth century.Explain ONE way in which philosophies or ideologies?challenged?the established political order in nineteenth-century?Europe.Explain ONE way in which philosophies or ideologies?challenged?established political order in nineteenth-century?South or East Asia.Identify ONE ideology used to justify imperialism in the period from 1800 to 1900.Explain ONE way in which a specific European state applied a specific ideology to govern its colonies.Identify ONE specific pattern in the way in which colonized societies responded to imperialism.Unit 6 Test STUDY GUIDEImperialismSocial DarwinismCivilizationDiplomacySettler coloniesLeopold IIDutch East India CompanyNew ZealandTupac Amaru IISamory ToureSepoy RebellionCherokee NationZulu KingdomXhosa movementMahdist wars in SudanRubber in BrazilPalm oil in West AfricaGuano in PeruDiamonds from AfricaOpium WarsMigration of peoplesEthnic enclavesChinese migrantsIrish migrantsWhite Australian policyIn the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, what did Social Darwinists believe? Theories of natural selection could be applied to nations, races, and social classes. What were European movtivations and justifications for imperialism? For nationalism? What did communists and Marxists believe?What did the Chinese leadership do to try to stop the British from selling Opium in China? Did it work? Ban the sale of opium by British merchants in China. No it did not work.What would a liberal response to colonialism be? (think about South America and Africa) the abolition of colonies and the creation of national governments. What would census data from New York and Buenos Aires detailing the birthplaces of individuals show you? Patterns of migration.What would African accounts of converting to Christianity in the late 19th century show you? The effects of missionary activity on societies in Africa. Trace the trade patterns of British imports of raw materials and exports of finished goods during the nineteenth century. Traded with north and south America, south Africa, India, and Hong KongHow did most British people view China compared with themselves? China was behind Europe in cultural and scientific development.In the mid-twentieth century, why was there a presence of Chinese and Japanese populations in North America and of South Asian populations in the Caribbean and South Africa? Labor migrations during the nineteenth centuryIt can be inferred that in the late nineteenth century international relations were increasingly perceived as being governed by what ideologies? Social Darwinism and international power politicsDid European colonizers really improve life in their colonies as they claimed to do? (use examples to illustrate your answer) How did migration patterns change the lives of women in home societies? Women were taking on new roles that had been formerly occupied by menLate-nineteenth-century transoceanic labor migrations were most directly facilitated by what other technological developments? The development of new, more affordable methods of transportationLong-distance immigration to the Americas in the late nineteenth century contributed to what other processes? Growing rates of urbanization as migrants predominantly settled in cities in the receiving societiesWhat made Ethiopia not get colonized like other areas of Africa? The mountains and their Christian beliefs. How were political rivalries a part of the rapid expansion of European empires in Africa in the late nineteenth century? Political rivalries between European states encouraging diplomatic agreements that reserved colonies for European powersHow did European states change how they governed their colonies in the late nineteenth century? Some European states strengthened their control over their existing colonies.How would you describe the management of colonial enterprises by the Dutch and British East India companies in the 17th century? The directors of the companies were little interested in the acquisition of colonial territories. In what way was the British East India Company?s intrusion into India similar to the Dutch entry into Java? The use of mercenaries recruited from among indigenous peoples How was the British experience in India different than that of the Dutch in Java? The existence of a global imperial rivalry with the French In the first half of the 19th century, what European nation dominated overseas trade and empire building? BritainWhat is jingoism and how did it play a role in foreign policy? It made public opinion a major factor in foreign policy.What is the definition of ?tropical dependencies?? Colonies in which small numbers of Europeans ruled large numbers of non-Western peoplesIn what way was Latin America different from the other regions that remained outside the direct control of Western imperialism? During the century of imperialism, Latin America cast off previous colonial controls through revolution.What event was rejected by creole elites as a model of revolution because of excessive radicalism? French RevolutionThe leader of the slave independence movement on the island of St. Domingue was who? Toussaint L?Overture.In what way was the experience of the Napoleonic wars different for Portugal than for Spain? The entire royal family fled from the French to Brazil and established their capital there.How would you describe the political organization of Latin America to 1850? Most attempts at consolidation and union had failedDescribe the reforms of Mahmud II and his predecessor, Selim III. Mahmud patterned his reform program on Western precedents, including the creation of a diplomatic corps.What was a part of the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire? Introduction of Western-style education in the universities, Addition of state-run postal and telegraph systems, Creation of a constitution based on European prototypesHow did women’s status change as a result of the Tanzimat reforms? Despite widespread discussion of the practices of seclusion, polygamy, and veiling, few improvements in women?s social status were won in the 19th century.Which group was responsible for the overthrow of the Ottoman sultanate in 1908? Ottoman Society for Union and ProgressWhat was the result of the rebellion by Egyptian army officers in 1882? The Khedive called on the British to crush the rebellion, resulting in British overlordship of EgyptExplain ONE way in which philosophies or ideologies?continued to support?European imperialism in the nineteenth century.In spite of the appeal to ideas of human equality, most Enlightenment thinkers in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century argued that European colonialism was justified because European countries were organized along more rational and scientific principles than non-European countries were. In the late nineteenth century, these ideas gave rise to various theories explicitly justifying imperialism, for example the theory of “civilizing mission,” which played a prominent part in French colonial thought.In the nineteenth century, various European thinkers developed racial ideologies that posited that White Europeans were biologically superior to non-Europeans and were, therefore, justified in colonizing and ruling parts of Asia and Africa. After the development of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection, these racial ideals were grafted onto evolutionary theory to create the pseudoscientific ideology known as Social Darwinism, which was directly used to justify European imperialism.Throughout the nineteenth century, older European ideas of cultural superiority (often based on the belief that, as Christians, Europeans were justified in expanding their rule and evangelizing non-Christian populations in Africa and Asia) continued to influence and provide support for European imperial policiesExplain ONE way in which philosophies or ideologies?challenged?the established political order in nineteenth-century?Europe.The revolutionary socialism or communism of Karl Marx challenged the established political order in nineteenth-century Europe by condemning private property and advocating revolution to end the dominance of the owners of capital.The nationalist movements of peoples within empires like the Ottoman Empire or the Austro-Hungarian Empire challenged the established political order in nineteenth-century Europe by striving to replace distant dynastic emperors with the sovereign rule of the citizens of a region who shared a single language or culture.The nationalist movements that unified Italy and Germany in the nineteenth century replaced the established political order in nineteenth-century Europe. The divided and diffuse powers of multiple principalities were replaced by modernizing, unified, centralizing nation-states.Explain ONE way in which philosophies or ideologies?challenged?established political order in nineteenth-century?South or East Asia.Enlightenment ideals and philosophies (as well as efforts by some self-serving purveyors of these ideas, such as missionaries and colonizers) gave rise to reform movements that challenged the established political order in states like the Qing Dynasty in China. These ideas gave rise to new political and cultural movements, some of which even resulted in major uprisings against Qing corruption and/or foreign intrusion in Chinese society.By the late nineteenth century, Enlightenment ideals and anti-colonial nationalist ideologies threatened the ascendant colonial political authorities in states from British India to the Dutch East Indies to French Indochina.The rise of Meiji Japan’s nationalism and modernism in the late nineteenth century challenged the established political authorities in East Asia in two different ways. First, the Meiji government replaced the Tokugawa Shogunate’s samurai domination of society, replacing it with an industrializing, modernizing bureaucratic state. Second, by the end of the nineteenth century, Japan’s expansionist, militarizing nationalism threatened its neighboring states in China, Manchuria, and Korea.Identify ONE ideology used to justify imperialism in the period from 1800 to 1900.Imperialists often used Social Darwinism to justify imperialism in the nineteenth century.Colonizers from Europe and North America commonly rationalized imperialism by claiming they were engaging in a “civilizing” mission.Between 1800 and 1900, European states frequently used nationalism to justify their exploitation of their colonies in support of the prestige, power, and economic benefit of the homeland.In the nineteenth century, some Europeans justified their rule of other peoples by claiming that their efforts to convert colonial peoples to Christianity was an attempt to save their souls and bring them to a higher level of civilization.Many imperialists used liberal economic arguments to claim that colonization would bring tremendous economic benefits to societies in Africa and Asia.Some supporters of imperialism cited Enlightenment ideas to justify European rule in Asia and Africa, claiming that European civilization would bring ideas about natural rights and the rule of law across the world.Explain ONE way in which a specific European state applied a specific ideology to govern its colonies.modern technology of France. They used this propaganda to maintain support for colonialism at home and to minimize local resistance.Great Britain used liberalism to govern India by modeling the colonial government along European systems of rule and constructing railroads and other infrastructure projects in the belief that such projects would bring economic development.Great Britain used liberalism and Social Darwinist ideologies to expand and govern its territories in southern Africa by allowing transnational companies to establish operations to extract natural resources in the name of progress.British missionaries in colonies in eastern Africa, such as Kenya, believed they were benefiting the people they colonized by converting them to Christianity.Belgium argued that it would “civilize” the Congo by bringing economic development, Christianity, and other aspects of European culture.Great Britain developed specific quasi-scientific racial ideologies such as Social Darwinism to rule India, even sending teams of social scientists to quantify and describe the characteristics of thousands of Indian caste groups in the belief that they were establishing the science of race.Identify ONE specific pattern in the way in which colonized societies responded to imperialism. Colonial peoples often responded to imperialism by forming nationalist movements, such as the Indian National Congress, to argue for reforms and self-determination.Colonized societies frequently responded to European imperialism by launching armed rebellions.Sometimes colonized peoples created new states on the periphery of European colonial empires.Many rebellions against colonial rule were influenced by local religious movements, such as the Mahdist rebellion in Sudan. ................
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