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4419600-25019000Archives of OntarioResearch Guide 209Municipal RecordsLast Updated: March 2023Fire brigade on street outside Cornwall Town HallC 130-1-0-8-9Marsden Kemp Fonds? TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u In this guide PAGEREF _Toc45537313 \h 2Where do I find these records? PAGEREF _Toc45537314 \h 2What do I need to get started? PAGEREF _Toc45537315 \h 2The Records PAGEREF _Toc45537316 \h 3Are there related records? PAGEREF _Toc45537317 \h 4Books and online resources about municipalities PAGEREF _Toc45537318 \h 4Courts of General Sessions of the Peace records PAGEREF _Toc45537319 \h 5Provincial Government records PAGEREF _Toc45537320 \h 5Table 1: Municipalities with Records at the Archives of Ontario PAGEREF _Toc45537321 \h 6How do I get to the online descriptions? PAGEREF _Toc45537322 \h 19Contact us PAGEREF _Toc45537323 \h 20In this guide??This guide has information on municipal records at the Archives of Ontario and how to access them.?*Please note: this guide contains links to information found in our online Archives Descriptive Database.? On our website, this database is found under “Access Our Collections”.? If you are using a print copy of this guide, go to page?19?for more information on how to find the online descriptions.?Where do I find these records???We have records from some municipalities, from the early 1800s to the 1970s. You will need to visit the Archives to view?most of them.? Please contact us in advance to request them.? Some of the records are on microfilm and you do not need to order them in advance (with some exceptions). Libraries that offer interloan services may also borrow some of the reels for you. Click here to view our Microfilm Interloan Catalogue. On our website, you will find the catalogue under “Access our Collections”.Some of the records described in this guide are microfilm copies produced by Family Search. Local libraries or archives may have a copy of the microfilm. Digital copies of some of these reels are available on the Family Search website, .Local archives, public libraries or historical societies may also have municipal records. For records from the 1970s to present, contact the municipality first.For general information about a municipality and its history, we suggest you contact local archives, public libraries or historical societies. Our library includes some published local histories. To search the library collections, click here to view Library Holdings. On our website, you will find this database under “Access our Collections”.What do I need to get started??You need to know:What the name of the municipality was at the timeWhat county, district or regional municipality the local municipality you are looking for is part of now, and at the timeYou may also need to know which level of municipal government created the records you are looking for. When you are looking for municipal records, keep in mind that:A municipality’s name and the county or district it is part of may have changed.A Township, city, town or village may have the same name as the county or district it is part of (for example, York Township and York County).A city, town or village may have the same name as the Township it was separated from (for example, Guelph Township and City of Guelph).Municipalities in different parts of the province may share the same name (for example, Hamilton Township (Northumberland County) and City of Hamilton, Town of Simcoe (Norfolk County) and Simcoe County)Many municipalities have ceased to exist as a result of mergers, especially since the mid-1990s.The Records?See Table 1 on page 5 of this guide for a list of municipalities with records we have.Municipal records may include:Council minutes and by-lawsMunicipal census recordsAssessment recordsFinancial and administrative recordsRecords on statute labour (an early form of work on roads and other public projects, in lieu of property taxes)Records of municipal boardsOntario has two levels of municipal governments. Most local municipalities (also known as lower-tier municipalities) are part of an upper-tier municipality. Local and upper-tier municipalities have their own areas of responsibilities. The division of responsibilities is different from one place to another.Local municipalities are known as:CitiesMunicipalitiesVillagesTownsTownshipsUpper-tier municipalities are known as:CountiesMunicipalitiesRegional MunicipalitiesSome cities and towns (local municipalities) are “separate”, meaning they are not part of an upper-tier municipality. There is no upper-tier municipality in the northern districts, except Muskoka District. Since 1990, some upper-tier municipalities have been merged with the local municipalities on their territory. We also have records from local and upper-tier governments that no longer exist. They are:Districts: They existed from 1792 to 1849 and they were the original units for municipal and court administration in Ontario. They were replaced with the counties. They were different from today’s northern districts. Improvement Districts: They existed in unorganized territories (areas with no Township council) and provided services similar to those of a local municipality. They had a Board of Trustees appointed by the Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing instead of an elected council. Police Villages: They were managed by non-elected Boards of Police with limited powers for public order and maintenance for a specific area within a Township. They were created by county by-laws. Police Villages often became villages.Are there related records?See the guides below for information on some of the records created by municipalities and how to view them:Click here to view Research Guide 220, Census recordsClick here to view Research Guide 221, Directories, Telephone Books and Voters ListsOn our website, you will find the “Research Guides and Tools” page under “Access Our Collections”.Books and online resources about municipalitiesYou can use the following publications to find previous names for a municipality and the county or district it was part of. You can view them in our reading room and at some public libraries:Municipal Records in Ontario: History and Guide by Fraser Dunford (Ontario Genealogical Society, 2005) has information on municipal records and how to research them. It includes a list of Townships, with change in borders, amalgamations and changes of county. The annual Municipal Directory, produced by the Association of Municipal Managers, Clerks and Treasurers of Ontario (AMCTO), includes an historical overview of amalgamations and name changes.The Gazetteer of Ontario can help you find a municipality and where it is located.Places in Ontario by Nick and Helma Mika and Place Names of Ontario by Alan Rayburn are reference books on the history of various Ontario place names.Our online resource “The Changing Shape of Ontario” includes information on counties, early and current districts, regional municipalities and municipal restructuration in the 1990s. It also includes maps of Ontario, from the 1950s. Click here to view "The Changing Shape of Ontario". On our website, you will find this resource under “Access Our Collections”.Courts of General Sessions of the Peace recordsUntil 1841, the Courts of General Sessions of the Peace were responsible for local administration. This included local property assessment and taxation and the issuing of local licenses. To view information about these courts and their records at the Archives, click here, or, in the Archives' Archives Descriptive database, click “Advanced Search” and then click “Search Records Creators”.Published indexes or transcriptions exist for some of the records from these courts. For information on those available at the Archives, click here to search Library Holdings using keywords "sessions of the peace" and the name of the District. On our website, you will find the Library Holdings under “Search the Archival Collection”.Provincial Government recordsThe Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing and its predecessors were responsible for administrative and financial support to municipalities and the laws regarding municipal governments. To view information about the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing and its predecessors and their records at the Archives, click here, or, in the Archives Descriptive database, click “Advanced Search” then click “Search Records Creators”.For information about Ministry records on municipal land planning and use and how to view them, click here to view Research Guide 214, Municipal land use planning.The Ontario Municipal Board heard applications and appeals on municipal and planning matters. For information about hearings and how to view the records, click here to view Research Guide 208, Ontario Municipal Board hearing records.Table 1: Municipalities with Records at the Archives of OntarioThe table below lists all municipalities with records we have, along with the reference code for their records. The following reference codes appear in the list below, in descriptions of records, on microfilm copies or in published materials:F (example: F 1565 Township of Brunel fonds) – means original records we have or microfilm we created. D (example: D 115 Village of Ayr diffusion material) – means records at other institutions available on microfilm in our reading room. Family Search filmed those records. We do not have the originals.RG 21 – This is an older reference code for all municipal records we have. We no longer use this reference code but it may appear on microfilm or in published materials.Note: For some municipalities, there are both F and D reference codes, meaning separate sets of records. Records from local municipalities may also be part of the records of the county or districts they belonged too.You will find information on the records for each municipality in the “Advanced Search page, in the Archives Repository. Click here to view the "Archives Advanced Search " page, then enter the reference code. Table 1: Municipalities with records at the Archives of OntarioMunicipality NameArchival Reference CodeActon (Town)D 97Adelaide (Township)D 98Admaston (Township) D 99Ailsa Craig (Village) D 100Albemarle (Township) D 102Albion (Township) D 103Aldborough (Township) D 104Alfred (Township) F 1510Alice and Fraser (Township) D 101Alvinston (Village) D 105Amabel (Township) D 106Amaranth (Township)F 1513 D 478Ameliasburgh (Township)F 1514Amherst Island (Township)F 1515Amherstburg (Town)D 107Ancaster (Township) D 108Anderdon (Township) D 109Arran (Township) D 110Artemesia (Township)F 1520D 404Arthur (Township) D 111Arva-London (Township)D 405Athol (Township)F 1522Augusta (Township)F 1523Aurora (Town)D 113Aylmer (Town)D 114Ayr (Village) D 115Bagot and Blythfield (Township)F 1527Bathurst DistrictF 1528Bathurst (Township) (Lanark County)D 406Bathurst (Township) (Lennox and Addington County)F 1529D 406Bayham (Township) D 117Beamsville (Town)D 118Beaverton (Village)F 1532Belle River (Town)D 120Belleville (City)F 1535Bentinck (Township) D 121Bertie (Township)F 1537D 407Beverly (Township)D 123Biddulph (Township)D 124Blanshard (Township) D 127Blenheim (Town)D 128Blenheim (Township)D 481Bolton (Village) F 1545D 408Bonfield (Township)F 1546Bosanquet (Township) D 130Bothwell (Town)D 131Bowmanville (Town)F 1549Brampton (City)D 132Brant CountyF 1551Brant (Township)F 1552D 409Brantford (City) D 133Brantford (Township)F 1554 D 410Bridgeburg (Town)F 1555D 411Brock (Township)F 1557Brockton (Village)D 412Brockville (Town)F 1558Bromley (Township)F 1559Brooke (Township) D 134Brougham (Township) (Dufferin County)D 479Brougham (Township) (Durham County)D 484Bruce CountyF 1562Bruce (Township) D 136Brudenell and Lyndoch (Township)F 1564Brunel (Township)F 1565Burford (Township)F 1566Burleigh and Anstruther (Township)F 1567Burlington (Town)D 137Caistor (Township) F 1569Caistor (Township)D 138Caledonia (Town)D 413Caledonia (Village)F 1572Cameron Improvement DistrictF 1573Campbellford (Town)F 1574Canborough (Township)F 1575D 414Cannington (Village)F 1576Caradoc (Township)D 141Carleton CountyD 140Carrick (Township) D 142Cartwright (Township)F 1580Cayuga (Village)F 1581Chaffey (Township)F 1582Charlottenburgh (Township)F 1583Charlotteville (Township) D 143Chatham (Township) D 144Chinguacousy (Township) D 145Chippewa (Village) D 146Chatham (City)F 1585D 416Clarke (Township)F 1589Clifton (Town)D 417Clinton (Township)D 147Cobalt (Town)F 1592Cobourg (Town)F 1593Colborne (Village)F 1594Colchester (Township) D 150Collingwood (Township) D 151Conmee (Township)F 1597Cornwall (Township)F 1599Courtright (Village)F 1601Cramahe (Township)F 1602Crowland (Township) F 1603D 418Crystal Beach (Village)F 1604Culross (Township) D 154Dalhousie and Sherbrooke (Townships)D 155Darlington (Township)F 1608Dawn (Township) D 156Delaware (Township) D 157Delhi (Town)D 158Derby (Township) D 159 Dereham (Township)F 1613D 422Dover (Township)F 1614D 419Drayton (Village) D 160Dresden (Town)D 161Drummond (Township)F 1617Dundalk (Village)F 1618Dundas (Town)D 162Dunn (Township)F 1620D 420Dunnville TownF 1621D 421Dunwich (Township)D 164Durham (Town)D 165Dutton (Village) D 166East Camden (Township)F 1625East Flamborough (Township) D 167East Garafraxa (Township)F 1627East Gwillimbury (Township)F 1628East Hawkesbury (Township)F 1629East London (Village) D 168East Luther (Township)F 1631East Nissouri (Township)F 1632East Oxford (Township)F 1633East Sandwich (Township) D 169East Toronto (Village)D 122East Whitby (Township)F 1635East Williams (Township)F 1636D 423East Zorra (Township) D 170Eastern DistrictF 1638Eastnor (Township) D 171Egremont (Township) D 172Ekfrid (Township) D 173Elderslie (Township) D 174Elgin County F 1643Elizabethtown (Township)F 1644Ellice (Township) D 176Elma (Township) D 177Elmira (Village) D 178Embro (Village)F 1649Enniskillen (Township)D 180Eramosa (Township) D 181Ernestown (Township)F 1652Esquesing (Township) D 183Essex CountyF 1654Essex (Town)D 184Etobicoke (Township)D 182Euphemia (Township) D 185Euphrasia (Township) D 186Exeter (Town)D 187Fenelon (Township)F 1660Fergus (Town)D 188Fitzroy (Township) F 1662Fonthill (Village) F 1664Forest (Town)D 192Fort Erie (Town)F 1666 D 431Front of Leeds and Lansdowne (Township)F 1668Frontenac CountyF 1669Gainsborough (Township) F 1670Galt (City) D 195Gananoque (Town)F 1672Goergian Bay (Township)F 4708 (Contact us for information on these records and how to view them)Georgina (Township) D 196Glanford (Township) D 432Glencoe (Village) D 197Glenelg (Township) D 198Gloucester (Township) D 199Goderich (Town)D 200Gore DistrictF 1679Gosfield (Township) D 201Goulbourn (Township) D 202Grantham (Township) D 203Grattan (Township)F 1683Gravenhurst (Town)F 1684Greenock (Township) D 433Grey CountyF 1686Griffith and Matawatchan (Township)F 1687Grimsby (Town)D 434Grimsby (Township)F 1689Grimsby (Village)F 1688Guelph (City) D 205Guelph (Township) D 435Hagersville (Village)F 1692D 427Haldimand CountyF 1693Halton CountyF 1695Hamilton (City)D 206Hamilton (Township)F 1697Harriston (Town)F 1698Harwich (Township)F 1699Hastings CountyF 1700Hespeler (Town)F 1701Hibbert (Township) D 208Hillier (Township)F 1703Hilton (Township)F 1704Holland Landing (Village)F 1706Holland (Township) D 209Home District D 210Houghton (Township)F 1709D 436Howard (Township)F 1710 D 428Hullett (Township)F 1711Humberstone (Township) D 212Humphrey (Township)F 1713Huntley (Township) D 213Huntsville (Town)F 1715Huron CountyF 1716Huron DistrictF 1718D 480Ingersoll (Town)F 1719D 437Jarvis (Village)F 1720Johnstown DistrictF 1721Kennebec (Township)F 1723Kent CountyD 429Keppel (Township) D 215Kincardine (Township)D 217King (Township) D 218Kingsville (Town)D 219Kinloss (Township) D 220Kitchener (City) D 221Kitley (Township)F 1732Lanark CountyF 1734Lanark (Village) D 223Lancaster (Township)F 1737LaSalle (Town)F 1738Leamington (Town)F 1739Leeds and Grenville CountyF 1740Lincoln CountyF 1741Lindsay (Township)D 224Listowel (Town)D 225Lobo (Township)D 226Lochiel (Township)F 1745Logan (Township)D 227London (City)D 193London DistrictD 485 London (Township) D 228Longueuil (Township)F 1750L'Orignal (Village)F 1751Loughborough (Township)F 1752Louth (Township) D 229Lucan (Village) D 230Maidstone (Township) D 232Malahide (Township) D 233Malden (Township) D 234Manvers (Township)F 1759March (Township)D 235Mariposa (Township)F 1761Markham (Township) D 236Markham (Village) D 237Marlborough (Township) D 238Maryborough (Township) D 239Marysburgh (Township)F 1766Matachewan (Township)F 1767Matilda (Township)F 1768McGillivray (Township) D 240McKillop (Township)F 1771McNab (Township)F 1772Meaford Town D 241Melancthon (Township) D 242Merritton (Village) D 243Mersea (Township) D 244Metcalfe (Township) D 245Middleton (Township)F 1779D 452Milton (Town)F 1780 D 453Minto (Township) F 1781Mitchell (Town)D 247Mono (Township)F 1785Montague (Township)F 1786Moore (Township)F 1787D 487Mornington (Township) D 248Morrison (Township)F 1789Moulton & Sherbrooke (United Townships)D 250Moulton (Township)F 1791 D 438Mount Forest (Town)D 251Mulmur (Township) D 252Muskoka (Township)F 1795Napanee (Town)D 59Nassagaweya (Township)F 1796D 439Newboro (Village)F 1799D 454Newbury (Village) D 454Newark (Township)F 1138-1Newcastle DistrictF 1800Newcastle (Village)F 1801Newmarket (Town)F 1803Niagara DistrictF 1138-1F 1804Niagara (Town)F 1138-1F 1805Niagara (Township)F 1138-1F 1806D 441Niagara Falls (City) D 256Niagara-on-the-Lake (Town)D 440Nichol (Township) D 257Norfolk CountyF 1811Normanby (Township) D 258North Cayuga (Township)F 1813D 415North Colchester (Township) D 259North Dorchester (Township) D 261North Dumfries (Township) D 262North Easthope (Township) D 263North Fredericksburgh (Township)F 1819North Gosfield (Township) D 264North Gower (Township) D 265North Grimsby (Township)F 1822 D 425North Gwillimbury (Township) D 426North Marysburgh (Township)F 1824North Monaghan (Township)F 1825North Norwich (Township)F 1826 D 442North Oxford (Township)F 1827 D 445North Plantagenet (Township)F 1828 D 455North Tilbury (Township) D 266North Toronto (Village)D 255North Walsingham (Township)F 1830 D 472Northumberland and Durham CountiesF 1831Norwich (Township) D 456Norwich (Village)F 1833Oakland (Township)D 267Oakville (Town)F 1835D 443Oil Springs (Village) D 268Oneida (Township)F 1837Onondaga (Township) D 269Ontario CountyF 1839Ontario, York and Peel United CountiesD 459Orangeville (Town)F 1840Orford (Township) D 271Orillia (Town)F 1842Osgoode (Township) D 457Oshawa (Town)F 1844Osnabruck (Township)F 1845Osprey (Township) D 444Otonabee (Township)F 1847Ottawa (City) D 274Ottawa DistrictF 1849Oxford CountyF 1850Pakenham (Township)F 1851Paris (Town)D 275Parkdale (Village)D 270Parkhill (Town)D 276Peel (Township) D 277Pelee (Township)F 1855Pelham (Township)F 1856Pembroke (Town)F 1857Percy (Township)F 1858Perry (Township)F 1859Perth (Town)F 1861Petrolia (Town)F 1863Pickering (Township)F 1864Pickering (Village)D 63Picton (Town)F 1865Pilkington (Township) D 280Pittsburgh (Township)F 1867Plympton (Township) D 281Point Edward (Village)F 1869Port Colborne (Town)D 282Port Dalhousie (Town)D 283Port Dover (Town)F 1872D 460Port Elgin (Town)D 461Port Hope (Town)F 1874Port Perry (Village)F 1875Port Rowan (Village)F 1876Port Stanley (Village)D 285Port Sydney (Village)F 1878Prescott and Russell CountyF 1879Preston (Town)F 1880Prince Edward CountyF 1881Proton (Township)F 1883Puslinch (Township) D 286Rainham (Township)F 1885 D 462Raleigh (Township)F 1886Ramsay (Township)F 1887Reach (Township)F 1888Rear of Leeds and Lansdowne (Township)F 1889Renabie Improvement DistrictF 1890Richmond Hill (Town)D 287Rochester (Township)F 1893 D 463Romney (Township) D 288Roxborough (Township) D 289Russell (Township)F 1896Ryde (Township)F 1897St. Catharines (City) D 290St. Edmunds (Township)D 464St. Mary's (Town)D 291St. Thomas (City) D 292St. Vincent (Township) D 293Saltfleet (Township)F 1902 D 446Sandwich South (Town)D 466Sandwich (Town)D 465Sarnia (City)F 1904Sarnia (Township) D 294Scarborough (Township) D 296Scott (Township)F 1908Scugog (Township)F 1909Seneca (Township)F 1910 D 467Seymour (Township)F 1911Sherbrooke (Township)F 1912 D 468Sherbrooke South (Township)D 469Shuniah (Township)F 1913Simcoe (Town)D 447Snowdon (Township)F 1916Sombra (Township) D 298Sophiasburgh (Township)F 1919South Cayuga (Township)F 1920South Colchester (Township) D 301South Dorchester (Township) D 302South Dumfries (Township) F 1923South Easthope (Township) D 304South Gosfield (Township)F 1925D 424South Grimsby (Township)F 1926South Marysburgh (Township)F 1927South Monaghan (Township)F 1928South Norwich (Township)F 1929 D 458South Plantagenet (Township)F 1930South Sandwich (Township) F 1931South Sherbrooke (Township)F 1932South Walsingham (Township)F 1933Southampton (Town)D 306Southwold (Township) D 307Stafford (Township)F 1936Stamford (Township) D 308Stephen (Township) D 486Stephenson (Township)F 1938Stisted (Township)F 1939Stoney Creek (Village)F 1940Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry CountyF 1941Storrington (Township)F 1942Stouffville (Village)F 1943Stratford (City) D 309Strathroy (Town)D 310Streetsville (Town)F 1946Sturgeon Point (Village)F 1947Sudbury (Town)F 1948Sullivan (Township)F 1949Talbot DistrictF 1951Teeswater (Village)D 313Thamesville (Village) D 314Thorah (Township)F 1954Thornbury (Town)D 315Thorold (Town)D 316Thorold (Township) D 317Timmins (Town)F 1958Tisdale (Township)F 1959Toronto (City)F 1961 D 318Toronto Gore (Township) D 319Toronto (Township) F 1962Townsend (Town)D 448 Townsend (Township)F 1964Trafalgar (Township)F 1965Trenton (Town)F 1966Tuckersmith (Township)D 320Tyendinaga (Township)F 1968Usborne (Township) D 321Uxbridge (Town)F 1970Uxbridge (Township)F 1971Vaughan (Township) D 322Vespra (Township)F 1974Victoria CountyF 1975Vienna (Village) D 324Wainfleet (Township)F 1978 D 449Walkerton (Town)F 1979Walkerville (Town)D 325Wallace (Township)D 471Wallaceburg (Town)D 326Walpole (Township)F 1982Walsingham (Township)F 1983Warwick (Township)D 323Waterdown (Village) D 327Waterford (Town)F 1986Waterford (Village)D 473Waterloo (City)F 1987Waterloo CountyF 1988Waterloo (Township)F 1989D 450Watford (Village)D 330Welland CountyF 1991Welland (Town)F 1992Wellesley (Town)D 332Wellington CountyF 1994Wentworth CountyF 1995West Flamborough (Township) D 334West Garafraxa (Township)D 335West Gwillimbury (Township)F 1998West Hawkesbury (Township)F 1999 D 483West London (Township)D 482West Luther (Township) D 430West Nissouri (Township) D 337West Oxford (Township)F 2002West Sandwich (Township)F 2003West Tilbury (Township) D 338West Toronto Junction (Township) D 470West Zorra (Township)F 2006 D 477Western DistrictF 2007Westmeath (Township)F 2088Westminster (Township) D 340Weston (Town)D 341Westport (Village)F 2010Whitby (Town)F 2011Whitby (Township)F 2012Whitchurch (Township)F 2013Williams (Township)F 2015 D 339Williamsburgh (Township)F 2016Wilmot (Township)D 342Windham (Township)D 343Windsor (City) D 344Wolfe Island (Township)F 2020Wolford (Township)F 2021Woodbridge (Village) D 345Woodhouse (Township)F 2023 D 475Woodstock (City)F 2024 D 451Woolwich (Township) D 346Worthington (Township)F 2026Wyoming (Village) D 347Yarmouth (Township) D 348York CountyF 2074York (Township) D 349Yorkville (Village)D 476How do I get to the online descriptions???On our website’s main page, click on “Access Our Collections”, and click on “Archives and Information Management System”, as shown in the image below: ???In the Archives and Information Management System (AIMS), click on “Archives repository (only)” button:?On the “Welcome to the Archival Collection” search page, click “Advanced Search”. ???On the “Archives Advanced Search” page enter the reference code (that’s the number starting with C, F or RG) in the Reference Code field and click “Search” (at the bottom of the page.Contact us?Although unable to do your research for you, our reference archivists are waiting to assist you.? You may call or write to them by mail or email or — best of all — visit the Archives of Ontario.??Telephone: 416-327-1600 Toll free (Ontario): 1-800-668-9933?Email: Click here to email the Archives of Ontario.? The e-mail address is?reference@ontario.ca?Address: Archives?of Ontario, 134 Ian Macdonald Blvd., Toronto, ON M7A 2C5??Website?Visit our website for information about our collections and our services, our online exhibits and education programs, and links to our social media accounts.?Click here to visit our website.? The website is?.on.ca/.??Customer Service and Research Guides?Our guides contain information about our services, freelance researchers available to do research for you, and some of our most popular records.??Click here to view our Guides.? To find the “Research Guides and Tools” on our website, click “Access our Collections”.??______________________________________________________________________?? King's Printer for Ontario, 2023??This information is provided as a public service.? Last update is shown at the beginning of this guide.? Readers should where possible verify the information before acting on it.?? ................
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