University of Alabama at Birmingham



SI Worksheet #4 (chapter 9)BY123Meeting: 6/24/15 @ 1pm in EB 132Fill in the table based on one glucose moleculeNet ProductionTotal ATP produced/ ATP investedSubstrate level or oxidative phosphorylation Where does this occur?Aerobic or anaerobia GlycolysisATP __2___NADH __2__FADH___0____Pyruvate __2___H2o ___2____4/2SubstrateCytosol anaerobic Pyruvate ProcessingATP __0___NADH _2___FADH___0___CO2 ___2_____0/0SubstrateIn eukaryotes – mitochondria Prokaryotes-cytosolaerobicCitric Acid Cycle aka the Krebs’s CycleATP __2___NADH _6___FADH___2___CO2 ___4_____2/0substrateMitochondrial matrixaerobicETC/Chemiosmosis ATP __32___Utilized _6___NADH and _2__FADH32/0Oxidative Inner membrane of the mitochondria aka cristaeaerobicWe know now that about 25 ATP actually produced in cellular respiration? Why? Not completely efficient. Lost as heatGive an example of negative feedback in Cellular respiration? What is the main regulation mechanism?Increase in pyruvate slows the process down./ ATP content, if it’s high process will slowWhere does each macromolecule (protein, lipid, carb) enter the process of cell respiration?What is fermentation? What is produced? When is this mechanism utilized? Fermentation is utilized when conditions are anaerobic (No oxygen is available). Fermentation allows continuous generation of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation by extending glycolysis. It uses pyruvate as an election acceptor for NADH and pyruvate. 2 net ATP are produced though glycolysis and fermentation allows the recycling of NADH by shifting the electron to pyruvate to continue ATP production. What is the difference between aerobic respiration and fermentation? Both generate ATP without Oxygen. Anaerobic fermentation utilized the ETC with an electronegative molecule other than oxygen. Fermentation does not. What is Chemiosmosis, how does it relate to the ETC – because of the great buildup of H+ protons outside the complexes and the low concentration of H+ ions inside the complexes this sets up an electro chemical gradient… The H+ that were sent outside desperately want to get to an area with a lower H+ concentration. In order to do this they must come back in through a complex known as the ATP synthase… The movement of H+ through the ATP synthase results in the creation of ATP. These ATP are made by OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.What is the energy “currency” for the cell? How is this molecule used? ATP is the energy “currency for the cell. ATP can by hydrolyzed to produce ADP, inorganic phosphate, and energy. Energy can then be captured from catabolic pathways and used to reform ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.Enzymes act as a biological __catalysts__. What does this mean?Being a biological catalysts means that an enzyme is a chemical agent that helps to speed up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. They speed up the reaction by lowering the activation energy. What are the ways that the active site of an enzyme lower the activation energy?The active site of an enzyme lowers the activation energy by orienting the substrate to a position that will allow it to react easier, by straining bonds which must be broken during the reaction, by providing a favorable microenvironment, and by forming brief covalent bonds with the substrate. What is a cofactor? What is a coenzyme?A cofactor is a non-protein enzyme helper, often inorganic ions. A coenzyme is a cofactor that is an organic molecule, often a vitamin. Why are catabolic and anabolic pathways often coupled in a cell? The free energy released from one pathway is used to drive the other pathway.List and describe the three types of major catabolic processes. The three major catabolic processes are fermentation, anaerobic respiration, and aerobic respiration. Fermentation is the partial breakdown of sugars or other organic fuel without the use of O2 or another electronegative molecule. In fermentation, an organic molecule typically acts as the final electron acceptor. Anaerobic respiration harvests chemical energy without oxygen. Anaerobic respiration will use another electronegative molecule like SO42- or NO3-. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final electron receptor. Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration are considered cellular respiration.What is being oxidized and reduced in the following equation? What is the oxidizing agent, and what is the reducing agent? Mg + 2 Cl → Mg2+ + 2 Cl-Mg is giving electrons to Cl. Therefore, Mg is being oxidized and is the reducing agent. Cl is accepting electrons from Mg. Therefore, Cl is being reduced and is the oxidizing agent. What is the equation for cellular respiration? What is being oxidized, and what is being reduced? I have posted a video link that helps to connect the chemistry and biological perspectives of oxidation and reduction. Worth the watch. + 6 O2 → 6 H2O + 6 CO2C6H12O6 is being oxidized and is the reducing agent. O2 is being reduced and is the oxidizing agent.Why is cellular respiration a step-wise process instead of occurring all at once?If the reaction was uncontrolled, then it would be impossible for our cells to capture all of the energy that is released during the breakdown of organic molecules. By releasing the energy slowly, cell can use substrate-level phosphorylation and electron acceptors to extract more of the energy, making the process more efficient. What are the two main oxidizing agents in cellular respiration? What is the oxidized form and reduced form of these oxidizing agents?The two main oxidizing agents used in cellular respiration are NAD+ and FADH. These molecules function in much of the same way. During the reaction, two protons and two electrons, so two H atoms, are produced. FADH and NAD+ capture one proton and both electrons, which are then carried into the electron transport chain to produce ATP. The oxidized form of these compounds are NAD+ and FADH. This is the form they are in before they accept electrons. After they accept electrons, they are turned into their reduced forms which are NADH and FADH2.What are the two types of fermentation? Explain both. The two types of fermentation are lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation. In both reactions, glycolysis proceeds as usual producing pyruvate. In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate directly accepts the electrons from NADH and forms lactate. In alcohol fermentation, CO2 comes out of pyruvate, forming acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde then accepts the electrons forming alcohol.What are the 3 things metabolism does?Growth/reproductionMaintain structuresRespond to environmentHow are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related?Follow the link for the answer to the question. are just some reference charts that made be useful to you. SLPOx. PhosGlycolysis2 ATP Net2 NADH 1 NADH = 2.5 ATP eq. 1 FADH2 = 1.5 ATP eq.Ox of Pyruvate0 ATP2 NADHCitric Cycle2 ATP total6 NADH & 2 FADH2 4 ATP from SLP10 NADH x 2.5 ATP eq. = 25 ATP 2 FADH2 x 1.5 ATP eq. = 3 ATP4 ATP from SLP + 28 ATP from Ox. Phos = 32 ATP ................
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