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SI Worksheet #10 (chapter 9)BY123Meeting: 10/8/15 @ 2pm in CH205Fill in the table based on one glucose moleculeNet ProductionTotal ATP produced/ ATP investedSubstrate level or oxidative phosphorylation Where does this occur?Aerobic or anaerobia GlycolysisATP __2___NADH __2__FADH___0____Pyruvate __2___H2o ___2____4/2SubstrateCytosol anaerobic Pyruvate ProcessingATP __0___NADH _2___FADH___0___CO2 ___2_____0/0SubstrateIn eukaryotes – mitochondria Prokaryotes-cytosolaerobicCitric Acid Cycle aka the Krebs’s CycleATP __2___NADH _6___FADH___2___CO2 ___4_____2/0substrateMitochondrial matrixaerobicETC/Chemiosmosis ATP __32___Utilized _6___NADH and _2__FADH32/0Oxidative Inner membrane of the mitochondria aka cristaeaerobicWe know now that about 25 ATP actually produced in cellular respiration? Why? Not completely efficient. Lost as heatGive an example of negative feedback in Cellular respiration? What is the main regulation mechanism?Increase in pyruvate slows the process down./ ATP content, if it’s high process will slowWhere does each macromolecule (protein, lipid, carb) enter the process of cell respiration?What is fermentation? What is produced? When is this mechanism utilized? Fermentation is utilized when conditions are anaerobic (No oxygen is available). Fermentation allows continuous generation of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation by extending glycolysis. It uses pyruvate as an election acceptor for NADH and pyruvate. 2 net ATP are produced though glycolysis and fermentation allows the recycling of NADH by shifting the electron to pyruvate to continue ATP production. What is the difference between aerobic respiration and fermentation? Both generate ATP without Oxygen. Anaerobic utilized the ETC with an electronegative molecule other than oxygen. Fermentation does not. What are the ways that the active site of an enzyme lower the activation energy?The active site of an enzyme lowers the activation energy by orienting the substrate to a position that will allow it to react easier, by straining bonds which must be broken during the reaction, by providing a favorable microenvironment, and by forming brief covalent bonds with the substrate. List and describe the three types of major catabolic processes. The three major catabolic processes are fermentation, anaerobic respiration, and aerobic respiration. Fermentation is the partial breakdown of sugars or other organic fuel without the use of O2 or another electronegative molecule. In fermentation, an organic molecule typically acts as the final electron acceptor. Anaerobic respiration harvests chemical energy without oxygen. Anaerobic respiration will use another electronegative molecule like SO42- or NO3-. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final electron receptor. Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration are considered cellular respiration.What is being oxidized and reduced in the following equation? What is the oxidizing agent, and what is the reducing agent? Mg + 2 Cl → Mg2+ + 2 Cl-Mg is giving electrons to Cl. Therefore, Mg is being oxidized and is the reducing agent. Cl is accepting electrons from Mg. Therefore, Cl is being reduced and is the oxidizing agent. ? I have posted a video link that helps to connect the chemistry and biological perspectives of oxidation and reduction. Worth the watch. is cellular respiration a step-wise process instead of occurring all at once?If the reaction was uncontrolled, then it would be impossible for our cells to capture all of the energy that is released during the breakdown of organic molecules. By releasing the energy slowly, cell can use substrate-level phosphorylation and electron acceptors to extract more of the energy, making the process more efficient. What are the two main oxidizing agents in cellular respiration? What is the oxidized form and reduced form of these oxidizing agents?The two main oxidizing agents used in cellular respiration are NAD+ and FADH. These molecules function in much of the same way. During the reaction, two protons and two electrons, so two H atoms, are produced. FADH and NAD+ capture one proton and both electrons, which are then carried into the electron transport chain to produce ATP. The oxidized form of these compounds are NAD+ and FADH. This is the form they are in before they accept electrons. After they accept electrons, they are turned into their reduced forms which are NADH and FADH2.What are the two types of fermentation? Explain both. The two types of fermentation are lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation. In both reactions, glycolysis proceeds as usual producing pyruvate. In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate directly accepts the electrons from NADH and forms lactate. In alcohol fermentation, CO2 comes out of pyruvate, forming acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde then accepts the electrons forming alcohol.What are the 3 things metabolism does?Growth/reproductionMaintain structuresRespond to environmentHow are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related?Follow the link for the answer to the question. is the general equation for the enzyme NAD+? Why does it happen like that?NAD+ ---- NADH + (H+) ….. 1. One electron fully bonds to the structure of NAD and 2. And one electron goes up there and gets with the Nitrogen missing the proton 3. Leaving an H+ proton.What is the chemical equation of Cellular respiration? What is reduced what is oxidized?C6H1206 + 602 ---- 6 H20 + 6 C02 + energy GETS OXIDIZED GETS REDUCED What are the 7 questions Dr. Cusic expects you to answer at each step?1. Where are we in the cell?2. What do we need to make it go?3. What do you end up with?4. Keep up with electron carriers.5. How many ATP are produced/used?6. How does it relate to the next process?7. And anything else we talk about in lectureBelow is a summary of Dr. Cusic’s lecture notes on Glycolysis.Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.We start with a glucose molecule.Gonna use a kinase on it (very important for the transfer of phosphates) Have to go to the bank of ATP and borrow this. A kinase enzyme pulls off phosphates from ATP and puts them onto glucose ( and vice versa) this addition of Phosphate makes the glucose molecule reactive, unstable, and tells it to stay in the cellNext, and isomerase comes in and changes the glucose w/ a phosphate into its isomer ( a fructose with a phosphate).The next reaction is a kinase called Phosphofructokinase. We have to go back to the bank and borrow another ATP. PFK is essential because it is a CONTROL ENZYME. It takes a phosphate off of an ATP and puts it on the Fructose with a phosphate.This leaves us with a fructose with 2 phosphate groups attatched.Magic chemistry happens which splits the 6 carbon 2 phosphate molecule into 2- 3 Carbon molecules, each with a respective phosphate group of their own.The 2 molecules that are formed are Dehydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (G3P). We want G3P so first we pull G3P off then use an isomerase to change the DHAP into a second molecule of G3P. That completes the energy INVESTMENT phase of GlycolysisWe used 2 ATPs! In other words 2 molecules of ATP were dephosphorylated into 2 molecules of ADP.The next phase of glycolysis is the energy payoff phase!You start off with 2 G3Ps which are 2- 3 carbon molecules that each have one phosphate attached.A dehydrogenase enzyme along with the coenzyme NAD+ oxidizes the G3P which is a very exergonic reaction. This very exergonic reaction is then used to attach a phosphate group to the oxidized G3P resulting in 2 - 3 carbon molecules with 2 phosphates attached to each. (2 NADH’s created.)One of the phosphates that was added to the 3 carbon molecules with 2 phosphates each is transferred onto an ADP thus creating ATP by way of a kinase enzyme! ( 2 ATP’s created). This reaction is an example of Substrate level phosphorylation.Magic Chemistry… magic chemistry… magic chemistry. You end up with a 3 carbon sugar with 1 phosphate called Phosphoenol pyruvate or (PEP)A second substrate level phosphorylation occurs via a kinase. This creates 2 more ATP’s.You end up with a 2 molecules of 3 carbon sugars with NO phosphates…. Thus you end up with 2 molecules of Pyruvate. This is the end of Glycolysis.GLYCOLYSISGROSS ATP = 4 ATPNET ATP = 2 ATPNADH’s made = 2 NADHThis are just some reference charts that made be useful to you. SLPOx. PhosGlycolysis2 ATP Net2 NADH 1 NADH = 2.5 ATP eq. 1 FADH2 = 1.5 ATP eq.Ox of Pyruvate0 ATP2 NADHCitric Cycle2 ATP total6 NADH & 2 FADH2 4 ATP from SLP10 NADH x 2.5 ATP eq. = 25 ATP 2 FADH2 x 1.5 ATP eq. = 3 ATP4 ATP from SLP + 28 ATP from Ox. Phos = 32 ATP ................
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