Kingdoms Review



Kingdoms Review

Taxonomy: grouping and naming organisms

Taxa: groups in the classification system

K = Kingdom “King Philip Cried

P = Phylum** Out For Goodness

C = Class Sake”

O = Order

F = Family

G = Genus

S= Species

**Plants are divided into Divisions instead of phyla

Example: house cat

• Kingdom Animalia Binomial Nomenclature:

• Phylum Chordata The scientific name of an organism

• Class Mammalia consists of the genus and the species

• Order Carnivora for that organism.

• Family Felidae

• Genus Felis The house cat is the species Felis

• Species Felis sylvestris sylvestris not sylvestris.

The more taxa two organisms share the closer related they are.

Ex: human and house cat

Both are in the Kingdom Animalia, the Phylum Chordata and the Class Mammalia, but they are in different orders.

lynx and house cat

Both are in the Kingdom Animalia, the Phylum Chordata, the Class Mammalia, the Order Carnivora, ad the Family Felidae, but they are in a different genus.

Because the lynx and house cat share more groups, they are more closely related than the human and the house cat.

Organisms are placed into taxa based on similarities in structure, chemistry, DNA and behavior.

All organisms are placed into 6 kingdoms:

Kingdom Archaebacteria—bacteria that live in harsh environments

Kingdom Eubacteria—the “true” bacteria

Kingdom Protista—protists (includes amoebas and seaweed)

Kingdom Fungi—includes the mushrooms and yeasts; most are decomposers

Kingdom Plantae—all the plants

Kingdom Animalia—all the animals (includes sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects)

Characteristics of the Kingdoms:

|Characteristic |Archaebacteria & Eubacteria|Protista |Fungi |Plantae |Animalia |

|Cell type |prokaryotic |Eukaryotic |eukaryotic |eukaryotic |eukaryotic |

|Nucleus? |no |yes |yes |yes |yes |

|Organelles? |no |yes |yes |yes |yes |

|Cell Wall? |yes |Some have a cell |yes |yes |no |

| | |wall and some don’t | | | |

|Cell Membrane? |yes |yes |yes |yes |yes |

|Nutrition |Some are autotrophic; some |Some are |All heterotrophic |All autotrophic |All heterrotrophic |

| |are heterotrophic |autotrophic; some | | | |

| | |are heterotrophic | | | |

|Cell Number |unicellular |Some are |Some are |All multicellular |All multicellular |

| | |unicellular; some |unicellular; some | | |

| | |are multicellular |are multicellular | | |

Prokaryotic: simple cells that have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic: complex cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Viruses: non-living particles; they are not placed into kingdoms

Viruses are made up of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. Some viruses have an outer protective coating called the viral envelope.

The outer surface of a virus has projections that help it attach to cells.

Viruses do not reproduce (this requires cell division). Viruses replicate (make a copy) but can only do so by taking over the cells of a host organism.

Viruses cause diseases such as the common cold, flu, smallpox, warts and AIDS.

Symptoms of these diseases include:

Common cold: sore throat, runny nose, headache, congestion, mild fever

Flu: chills, fatigue, high fever, headache, achy muscles

Smallpox: fever, small red blisters

Warts: small raised lesions on the skin

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). HIV attacks T cells which are white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system. Without these cells, the body becomes susceptible to infection.

Bacteria:

[pic]

Cell Wall: protects and gives the cell its shape; antibiotics such as penicillin

make holes in the wall causing water to rush in and killing the cell. Because viruses do not have cell walls, antibiotics are not effective in treating viral diseases.

Classifying Bacteria:

Cocci: round

Bacilli: rods

Spirilli: spirals

Diplo-: paired

Staphylo-: grapelike clusters

Strepto-: long chains

Bacteria can cause several diseases (strep throat, pneumonia, etc.) but can also be helpful. The human digestive tract contains bacteria that kill harmful bacteria and prevent invasion and infection by harmful organisms.

Plants: Plants have several adaptations that allow them to live and reproduce on dry land.

Cuticle: outer, waxy layer on leaves that prevent evaporation of water

Leaves: provide a large surface area for photosynthesis to take place

Roots: help transport materials to the stem and anchor the plant

Stem: transport material and support the stem

Spores: a haploid cell with hard outer wall

Seed: plant embryo plus stored food

Stomata: pores that open during the day to allow CO2 to enter and close at night

to prevent evaporation

[pic]

Flowers: contain the reproductive parts of a flowering plant

Tree Rings: the number of rings is used to determine the age of a tree (1 ring per year); the width of the ring is used to determine the growing conditions (the better the conditions the wider the rings)

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Male reproductive parts

Female reproductive parts

stigma

ovule

style

ovary

filament

anther

petal

sepal

Non-reproductive parts

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