ABSOLUTISM, ENLIGHTENMENT, AND REVOLUTION
I. ABSOLUTISM, ENLIGHTENMENT, AND REVOLUTION
A. Divine Right Absolutism
France: Louis XIV
Spain: Philip
England Elizabeth, James I and Charles I
Austria: Frederick the Great
Russia: Peter the Great
For each monarch review the following:
How did they establish absolute power? [political, social, economic and cultural]
How did they use divine right theory and similar ideas to justify their power?
B. England
In what ways was England’s experience of absolutism different from that of other European countries?
How did a limited monarchy develop in Britain?
Magna Carta,
Parliament
English Civil War and execution of the king
Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth
The Restoration
The Glorious Revolution
English Bill of Rights
Toleration Act
Absolutism: Key Concepts
absolutism
mercantilism
import
export
subsidy
balance of trade
tariff
balance of power
joint-stock company
Act of Uniformity
Act of Supremacy
Mary Stuart
Armada
Puritan
Sea Dogs
William Shakespeare
Globe Theater
Divine right
James I
King James Bible
Charles I
Petition of Right
William Laud
Cavalier
Roundhead
Oliver Cromwell
New Model Army
habeas corpus
Bill of Rights
absolute monarchy
The Restoration
Tory
Whig
Glorious Revolution
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Louis XIV
Versailles
Boyar
Serf
Peter the Great
Russian Orthodox Church
Junker
Holy Roman Empire
Hapsburg
Hohenzollern
Maria Therese
Frederick the Great
C. Scientific Revolution
1. How did the scientific revolution change the way Europeans looked at the world?
Nicolas Copernicus
Galileo Galilei
Isaac Newton
2. How did the Scientific Method offer a new approach to solving problems?
Rene Descartes
natural laws
3 Key Concepts
scientific method
heliocentric theory
law of the pendulum
law of gravity
D. Enlightenment
1. What were the beliefs of the Enlightenment philosophers?
John Locke
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Baron de Montesquieu
Thomas Jefferson
Voltaire
2. Enlightened Despots: How did these rulers attempt to apply enlightenment ideals to reforms in their governments? [Catherine the Great and Maria Theresa]
3. Key Concepts
philosophe
salon baroque
physiocrat
free trade
supply
laissez-faire
enlightenment
constitution
prime minister
market economy
separation of powers
enlightened despotism
constitutional monarchy
demand
executive
legislative
judicial
cabinet
federal
Five Basic Ideas Of:
Reason
Nature
Happiness
Progress
Liberty
Newton
Voltaire
Marie Therese Geoffrin
Diderot
Bach
Handel
Mozart
Beethoven
Adam Smith
Baron de Montesquieu
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Catherine the Great
Frederick II
The American Revolution
Navigation Acts
Stamp Act
Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson
Continental Congress
Articles of Confederation
Great Compromise
Bill of Rights
E. French Revolution
1. Causes of the Revolution
Political
Social
Economic
2. Major events:
Calling of the Estates General
Storming of the Bastille
Tennis Court Oath
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Constitution of 1791
Reign of Terror
Development of the Directory
3. Effects of the Revolution
On Democracy
On Nationalism
4. Key Concepts:
The Estates
bourgeoisie
sans-cullottes
corvee
radical
emegres
guillotine
coalition
coup
plebescite
concordant
blockade
guerrilla
scorched earth policy
Bastille
Louis XVI
Old Regime
Marie Antionette
National Assembly
Great Fear
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Legislative Assembly
Paris Commune
Jacobin Club
Maximilien Robespierre
Georges Danton
Jean Paul Marat
Committee on Public Safety
Reign of Terror
F. Napoleon
1. How did Napoleon rise to power?
2. What were Napoleon’s achievements
3. How did Napoleon fall?
4. Impact on France, Europe, and Latin America.
5. Key Concepts
Directory
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleonic Code
Continental System
Peninsular War
The Hundred Days
Waterloo
II. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
A. Factors: Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?
B. What were the positive and negative effects of Industrial Revolution?
C. Three Major Economic Systems/Theories: identify positive and negative for each
1. capitalism (Adam Smith, laissez faire, market economy)
2. socialism (command economy)
3. communism (Karl Marx)
also possible = [mixed economy]
D. Reforms in British Society
Labor laws
Expansion of “the franchise” (the right to vote)
Start of the women’s suffrage movement
Industrial Revolution
industrialization
enclosure
crop rotation
Jethro Tull
seed drill
Royal Society
Edward Jenner and small pox vaccination
factory
entrepreneur
Eli Whitney
cottin gin
James Watt
Samual Slater
union
Factory Act 1833
Mines Act of 1842
laissez-faire government
stock
corporation
emigration
immigration
Great Exhibition
Robert Fulton
Suez Canal
Samuel Morse
socialism
utopian socialism
scientific socialism
Karl Marx
The Communist Manifesto
bourgeoisie
proletariat
suffrage
communism
realism
III. NATIONALISM
A. How can nationalism be both unifying and divisive?
1. As a unifying force:
a. France (Revolution, Napoleon)
Third Republic
b. Unification of Italy
Mazzini
Cavour
Victor Emmanual II
Napoleon III
Garibaldi
c. Unification of Germany
Realpolitik
Junker
Dual monarchy
Kaiser
Bismarck
Zollverein
Seven Weeks’ War
Franco-Prussian War
Second Reich
2. As a divisive force within empires
Russia
Austrian Empire: including Hungarian nationalism, pan-Slavism in Balkans, etc.
B. More negative aspects of nationalism
Anti-Jewish pogroms within Russia
A cause of WWI
During WWI: Armenian massacre at the hands of nationalistic Turks
IV. IMPERIALISM
imperialism
industrialization
cash crops (versus subsistence crops)
mercantilism
racism
Social Darwinism
missionaries
"White Man's Burden" (concept/poem)
methods of imperial control
colony
protectorate
sphere of influence
economic imperialism
Stanley & Livingstone
Congo: King Leopold of Belgium
Berlin Conference: "Scramble for Africa"
direct control (ex. French)
assimilation
paternalism
indirect control (ex. British)
Nigeria
Ibo, Yoruba, Hausa-Fulani
Royal Niger Company
Ethiopia
Menelik II
Italy
Battle of Adowa
Liberia
South Africa
Boers
British
diamonds & gold
Cecil Rhodes
Boer War
apartheid
Why did the European become so interested in Africa in the late 1800s?
What were the internal and external factors which allowed the Europeans to conquer Africa?
What were the positive and negative effects of imperialism on Africa?
V. TURN OF THE CENTURY
A. Inventions Changed Ways of Life
dynamo
mass production
interchangeable parts
assembly line
Henry Bessemer
Thomas Edison
Alexander Graham Bell
Guglielmo Marconi
Henry Ford
Orville and Wilbur Wright
B. Science Presented New Ideas
anesthesia
bacteria
natural selection
evolution
social Darwinism
element
atom
radioactivity
Charles Darwin
special creation
theory of evolution
Friedrich Nietzsche
Marie and Pierre Curie
C. Women’s Rights
Florence Nightengale
Susan B. Anthony
Carrie Chapman Catt
Emmeline Pankhurst
D. New Art and Entertainment
Impressionaism
cubism
movies
mass culture
VI. WORLD WAR I
A. What were the causes of WWI?
1. Immediate Cause: Assassination
2. Long-term causes: M-A-I-N
Militarism
Alliances/Anarchy
Imperialism
Nationalism
B. Various Outcomes
Belgian neutrality
Central Powers
Allied Powers
Balfour Declaration
Wilson’s 14 Points
Armistice
C. What were the effects of WWI?
Paris Peace Conference
Treaty of Versailles
League of Nations
Territorial changes: German (and Russian) loss of territory, plus collapse of Ottoman Empire, division of Austro-Hungarian Empire
“War guilt”
Reparations
Hyper-inflation
VII. RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
A. Contributing Factors for Dissent
1. emancipation of the serfs
2. pogroms
3. Tsar Nicholas
B. What were the causes and effects of the March Revolution (1917)?
1. Lenin
2. “Peace, land, and bread”
3. Bolsheviks
C. What were the causes and effects of the November Revolution (1917)?
1. USSR (Soviet Union)
2. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
3. Civil war: “Reds” versus “Whites”
4. Soviet constitution
5. Nationalization
6. Collectivization
7. New Economic Policy (NEP)
8. Stalin
9. The Terror
10. “Forced famine” (Ukraine)
11. Five Year Plans, central planning
VIII. BETWEEN THE WARS
A. Changes in Society
Political and economic difficulties in recovery from WWI
Weimar Republic
Dawes Plan
Steps taken to achieve permanent peace in Europe
Kellogg-Briand Pact
B. The Depression
Identify the weaknesses in the American economy that led to Great Depression
Wall Street – stock speculation
standard of living
overproduction and underconsumption
plight of the farmer
Compare and contrast the responses of the America, British and French governments to the Great Depression
Roosevelt and the New Deal
free enterprise
Great Britain
National Government
protective tariffs
increased taxes
regulated currency
lowered interest rates
France
agricultural economy
Popular Front
C. Rise of Fascism
Characteristics of Fascism
Compare and contrast the careers of Mussolini and Hitler
censorship
propaganda
nationalism
militarist
secret police
indoctrination
Kristallnacht: causes and consequences
Anti-Semitism
Nuremburg Laws
D. Drift Towards War
Why was the League of Nations weak?
Basic Premise: peace could be maintained if all nations acted together to stop aggression
Invasion of Manchuria
What was the impact of Mussolini’s invasion of Ethiopia?
test of collective security [League of Nations]
How did Hitler defy the Treaty of Versailles?
Militarism
The Anschluss
Czechoslovakia
Sudetenland
The Munich Conference
negotiation
Neville Chamberlain
appeasement
IX. WORLD WAR II
A. How did Hitler come to power? What were the causes of WW2
Treaty of Versailles
Weimar Republic: weak democracy
Great Depression
Elections
Chancellor
Remilitarization of the Rhineland, Anschluss (unification) with Austria
Appeasement policy: Munich Agreement 1938 (Sudetenland)
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, or the Molotov-Ribbentrop Agreement (1939)
Attack on Poland (Sept. 1, 1939)
B. What were the effects of World War 2?
Defeat of Fascism; occupationa and democratization of defeated powers (Germany, Japan)
Boundary changes in Eastern Europe
Start of Nuclear Age
Europe’s hold on its colonies weakened during war; strengthening of independence movements in India, elsewhere in Asia, Africa.
Holocaust --> creation of state of Israel
War crimes trials (Tokyo and Nuremburg)
Creation of the United Nations (replaces League of Nations)
Two superpowers remain: US & USSR. Start of the Cold War
X. THE COLD WAR
Superpowers: US and USSR
Occupation of Germany and Japan
Truman doctrine
Marshall Plan
Berlin Blockade and Berlin Airlift
Communist victory in China and North Korean invasion of South Korea (see last year’s review packet)
Collective security arrangements: NATO Alliance/Warsaw Pact
1956 Hungarian Revolt: crushed
1959 Cuban Revolution: see last year’s review packet
1961 Soviets build the Berlin Wall
“Domino theory,” Vietnam War: see last year’s review packet
1968 Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia during “Prague Spring” (Brezhnev Doctrine)
Soviet human rights violations: treatment of dissidents
nuclear arms race
nuclear arms agreements (from 1960s to 1990s): Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), START (Strategic Armaments Reductions Talks?), etc.
detente
1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
Ronald Reagan versus “the evil empire”
“Star War” program (Strategic Defense Initiative)
Lech Walesa and Poland’s Solidarity movement
Mikhail Gorbachev
perestroika
glasnost
1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall.
What were the causes and effects of the fall of the Berlin Wall?
1990 Reunification of Germany.
1991. Collapse of the Soviet Union.
What were the causes and effects of the fall of communism in the USSR?
Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S.)
Transition:
from command to market economy, from communist dictatorship to democracy
Post-communist nationalism in the former USSR and Eastern Europe
separatism: ex. Chechnya
Boris Yeltsin
Czechoslovakia: splits peacefully into Czech Republic and Slovakia
Yugoslavia splits violently: Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia, + Yugo ( Serbia+Maced.)
Slobodan Milosevic
Bosnia: multi-ethnic state (Croat, Serbian, Muslim/Bosniak)
ethnic cleansing
United Nations
NATO
Dayton Accords
Kosovo (a province within Serbia): Albanians v. Serbians
XI. CHANGE AND CONFLICT
Japan
WWI & Treaty of Versailles
League of Nations
Germany’s former colonies
sphere of influence
Second World War
Factors leading to Japanese aggression
arable land (limited)
lack of natural resources
population boom
Great Depression
Manchuria, or Manchukuo (1931)
Invasion of China (Oct. 1937)
Rape of Nanking (Dec. 1937-Jan. 1938)
Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941)
Battle of Midway
“island hopping”
kamikaze
Manhattan Project
Hiroshima & Nagasaki (Aug. 6 & 9, 1945)
laws of war (ex. Hague & Geneva Conventions)
U.S. Occupation
Gen. Douglas MacArthur
occupation policies
demilitarization
democratization
new constitution: constitutional monarchy
Emperor Hirohito (figurehead)
punishment (Tokyo War Crimes Trials)
Post-occupation Japan (1950s to today)
“economic miracle” (causes)
trade deficit/surplus
China (1911 Revolution to Today)
Chinese Revolution (1911)
Puyi (last Qing Emperor)
Reasons for revolution
Sun Yat-Sen, or Sun Yixian (dies 1925)
1917 Russian Revolution (Communists/Bolsheviks)
Civil War (1927-1949)
Nationalists (Kuomintang - KMT - or Guomindang)
Chiang Kai Shek (or Jiang Jieshi)
Communists
Mao Tse Tong (or Mao Zedong)
The Long March (1933)
1937 Japanese invasion (--> pause in civil war)
1945 - end of WW2, civil war resumes
Cold War (U.S. vs. U.S.S.R.) since end of WW2
Chinese Communist victory (1949) - Why did Communists win?
Two Chinas: “Red China” and Taiwan
communism / socialism / capitalism
Mao's version of communism (Maoism)
agrarian reform (landlords v. peasants)
collective farms (or collectives)
nationalization (verb - nationalize)
Great Leap Forward (1958)
communes
Cultural Revolution (1966-76)
Red Guards
Deng Xiao Ping (1980-97)
“One child policy”
Four Modernizations
Tiananmen Square (1989)
Hong Kong (1997)
Korea
North & South Korea
Korean War (1950-1953)
political/economic changes since 1953
nuclear issue
Southeast Asia:
Vietnam War (1964-75) & Cambodia’s “Killing Fields” (1975)
“domino theory”
Ho Chi Minh
independence/partition (1954)
North & South Vietnam
Vietcong (VC)
Gulf of Tonkin incident (1964)
My Lai Massacre (1968)
Vietnamization
Paris Peace Agreement (1973)
Fall of Saigon (1975)
Why did U.S. lose?
Cambodia
Pol Pot/“Killing Fields”
India
World War I & Indian nationalism
Mohandas K. Gandhi
Amritsar Massacre
civil disobedience (satyagraha)
boycott
The Salt March
independence/partition (1947)
Pakistan/Mohammed Ali Jinnah
India/Jawaharlal (Pandit) Nehru
1998 nuclear tests, arms race
Africa
Decolonization
Nigeria 1957
Kenya 1963
South Africa 1994
Middle East
Zionism
Ottoman Empire
Arab nationalism
Balfour Declaration
League of Nations mandate territories
Holocaust
Arab-Israeli Conflict
Israel (David ben Gurion, first P.M.)
Palestine
Arab-Israeli conflict and the peace process
1948-1949: Israeli’s war for independence
Suez Crisis (1956). Suez Canal had been built at end of 1800s, was nationalized by Egyptians in 1956
Six Day War (1967) - Golda Meir (Israeli Prime Minister), Anwar Sadat (Egyptian president)
Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) under Yasser Arafat
Yom Kippur War
Camp David Accords: Jimmy Carter, Anwar Sadat (Egypt), and Menachem Begin (Israel)
Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon, full-scale invasion in 1981 (1982?) to wipe out PLO headquarters, bases, terrorist training camps. (PLO leadership flees to Tunisia.)[1]
the intifada (Palestinian uprising in the occupied territories)
Israeli-Palestinian peace talks:
“peace for land” - Oslo Accords, Wye River Agreement
Arafat, Bill Clinton, Yitzhak Rabin (assassinated by an Israeli for trying to make peace with the Palestinians). Rabin was succeeded by the right-wing Binyamin Netanyahu who was replaced in the last Israeli elections by Ehud Barak.
“final status talks”: status of Jerusalem, security for Israeli settlers in the West Bank, water rights, “right of return” for Palestinian refugees, etc.
Oil Production
OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
cartel
oil embargo (after Yom Kippur War)
Gulf War
Desert Storm
Embargo
“No fly” zone
Kurds
Islamic fundamentalism:
The Iranian Revolution. What were the causes and effects of the Islamic Revolution in Iran?
Shah
Ayatollah Khomeini:
Afghanistan: the Taliban (strict fundamentalist)
Fundamentalist terrorism: Algeria, Egypt, etc.
Latin America
1. What political problems did most Latin American countries face in the early 1900’s?
caudillo
2. Mexican Revolution 1910
Rule of Profriro Diaz
Rule of Alvaro Obregon
nationalize
3. How did United States Policy in Latin America affect its development?
Monroe Doctrine
Good Neighborhood Policy
Roosevelt Corollary
4. development of single resource economies
5. Liberation Theology
6. Argentina
Juan Peron
economic program
descamisados (poor workers)
nationalists
7. Cuba
Batista
U.S. Support
Fidel Castro
Cold War
Cuban Missile Crisis
8. Nicaragua
Anastasio Somoza
Sandinistas
Daniel Ortega
1990 Election – compromise government
9. Chiapas Revolutionaries
Zapatista National Liberation Army
Native Ethnic minority (29%)
XII. NEW WORLD ORDER
A. Ethnic Tensions: Cause, Characteristics, Effects
Ireland
Chechnya
Breakup of Yugoslavia
Bosnia Herzogovina
Kosovo
Kurds in Iraq
Rawanda
The Congo
Sierra Leone
B. Science and Technology
1. the information society
2. Green Revolution
3. medicine and vaccinations
C. Global Problems
1. Development of Less Developed Countries [LDC’s]
Problems:
weak infrastructures; government instability; urbanization; civil wars. Ethnic rivalries; cash crops; lack of diversification
Effects:
international debt; illicit drug production; low standard of living; poverty; hunger and famine; low literacy rates; slow progress for women’s rights and health care
2. over-population
3. pollution
4. human rights violations
5. racism
6. terrorism
7. environment: desertification, deforestation, green house effect
-----------------------
[1] Note: We didn’t cover Lebanon at all in class, but it’s relevant. Lebanon, once a stable nation, had become a chaotic place with Christians fighting Muslims in the 1970s. After the Islamic revolution in Iran, the Iranian-backed Hezbollah, or “Party of God,” organized and began attacking Israeli troops and the Israeli-backed Southern Lebanon Army. The recent Israeli pull-out from Southern Lebanon has been seen as a great victory for Hezbollah.
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