Hansen/Curtis, 1/e, Ch - Cengage
World History in Today's World: The Memory of the Crusades in Istanbul
This activity corresponds to the "World History in Today's World: The Memory of the Crusades in Istanbul" feature in your textbook. Once you have answered the Comprehension questions, submit your answers and move on to the subsequent questions included in the Analysis and Outside Sources sections. Each section is designed to build upon the one before it, taking you progressively deeper into the subject you are studying. After you have answered all of the questions, you will have the option of emailing your responses to your instructor.
Introduction
The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) marked the final split between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. The formal separation of 1054 turned into bloody animosity when Western Crusaders, embroiled in Byzantine dynastic politics, sacked Constantinople, treating its citizens with all the cruelty they showed to non-Christians. For centuries afterward, the Latin West and Orthodox East viewed each other with suspicion, if not outright hostility. In the 1960s, however, the leaders of both churches began to reach out to one another, seeking a path toward reunification. Whether the churches can realize this goal depends on whether they can resolve age-old doctrinal and political differences, and on whether memories of past wrongs can at last be put to rest. Use the questions and links below to learn more about the history and legacy of the Fourth Crusade.
Comprehension
1. When did the pope and patriarch begin exchanging annual visits?
2. What did Pope Benedict XVI and Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople express in their 2006 joint declaration?
3. What was the reaction of Turkish Muslims to Pope Benedict's visit to Istanbul?
Analysis
1. In 1204, Pope Innocent III sharply reprimanded the Crusaders who had sacked Constantinople. Go to and read the text of the reprimand. What is the nature of his objections to the Crusaders' actions?
2. In 2004, Pope John Paul II and Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople issued a common declaration. Read the text of the declaration at . What is the basis of the commonality they claim? How does the document deal with the lingering differences between the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches?
3. As recently as February 2008, there was talk of reconciliation between the Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox churches. For one perspective on this possibility, go to . What, from the Russian Orthodox perspective, are the obstacles to reconciliation? To what extend are the differences noted in the article extensions of the historical differences between the Eastern and Western churches?
Outside Sources
1. Go to and read the first three responses to the sack of Constantinople. How do the two Western European responses resemble and differ from each other, and how do they differ from the Byzantine response?
2. At , you can learn more about the Latin occupation of Byzantine Greek lands. Click on one of the links other than "Constantinople." What were the circumstances under which the Latin Crusaders took control of the region you selected?
3. In 1261, the Byzantine Empire regained control of Constantinople from the Latin Christians who had controlled it since 1204. Go to and read about Constantinople after 1261. What did the new emperor, Michael VIII Palaiologos, do to rebuild the city? How successful was his program?
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