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Ecology

California Biology/Life Science Standard 6 5.b

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Small fish

Zooplankton

Squid

Shark

Algae

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Quick Review

[pic] Energy flows through an ecosystem in one

direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds

to autotrophs (producers) and then to various

heterotrophs (consumers).

[pic] Food chains show the one-way flow of energy in

an ecosystem.

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Questions

1. Which organism in the food chain above is an

autotroph?

2. For what do heterotrophs depend on autotrophs?

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Algae

Energy/food supply

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© Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

Ecology

California Biology/Life Science Standard 6 5.b

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Snake

Fox

Hawk

Bird

Owl

Frog

Rabbit

Mouse

Grasses

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Quick Review

[pic] Energy flows through an ecosystem in one

direction, from producers to consumers.

[pic] The network of feeding relationships within an

ecosystem is represented by a food web.

[pic] Each step in a food chain is a trophic level. Each

consumer derives energy from the level before it.

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Questions

1. How many consumers derive their energy from

grasses in this food web?

2. Which organism derives its energy from the most

number of sources?

3. What effect do you think a drought would have

on a prairie food web?

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1. Three 2. The hawk 3. The primary consumers and all the levels above them would not get enough food and energy.

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Ecology

California Biology/Life Science Standard 6 5.c

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Quick Review

[pic] The sun directly or indirectly supplies the energy

used by all living things.

[pic] Producers, such as plants, convert radiant energy

from the sun into chemical energy (sugars).

[pic] Consumers, such as animals, get energy by eating

food (plants or other animals).

[pic] About 60% of all food energy taken in by organisms

is lost to the environment as heat.

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Questions

1. What is the ultimate source of energy for all living

things?

2. Compare the way plants and animals get energy.

3. How have humans had a negative effect on

ecosystems?

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1. The sun 2. Plants convert energy from the sun into sugars; animals eat food. 3. By polluting the air and water and

by destroying habitats.

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Ecology

California Biology/Life Science Standard 6 5.c

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LICHEN

Densely packed hyphae

Layer of

algae or cyanobacteria

Loosely packed hyphae

Densely packed hyphae

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Quick Review

[pic] In commensalism, one organism benefits and the

other is neither helped nor harmed.

[pic] In a mutualistic relationship, both species benefit

from the relationship.

[pic] Lichen is composed of fungus and a photosynthetic

organism (an alga or a cyanobacterium) in a

mutualistic relationship.

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Questions

1. Would fungus alone be able to survive on bare rock?

Why or why not?

2. What part of the lichen shields the algae or

cyanobacteria from the environment?

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No. It would not have an energy source.

The upper layer of densely packed hyphae

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Ecology

California Biology/Life Science Standard 6 5.e

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Quick Review

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[pic] Biotic factors are biological influences on organisms

within an ecosystem. Physical, or nonliving, factors

that shape ecosystems are called abiotic factors.

[pic] In tropical biomes, abiotic factors include warm

temperatures and rainfall that ranges from high

in rain forests to low in deserts.

[pic] In temperate biomes, temperatures are generally

hot to mild in summer and cold in winter.

Precipitation is usually moderate.

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Questions

1. What abiotic factors might be important to organisms

living on the floor of a tropical rain forest?

2. What biotic factors might be important to insects

living on the floor of a tropical rain forest?

3. What major abiotic factor besides latitude can affect

the temperature and precipitation of an area?

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1. Warm temperatures, high precipitation, high humidity,

low sunlight, and so on

2. Fungi, plants, bacteria, and other animals living

on the rain forest floor

3. Elevation

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Ecology

California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 6.a

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Quick Review

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[pic] Ecosystems are constantly changing in response

to natural and human disturbances. A series of

predictable changes that occur in a community

over time is called ecological succession.

[pic] Succession that occurs where no soil exists is called

primary succession.

[pic] If a disaster, such as flood or fire occurs, the

damaged ecosystem is likely to recover in stages

that eventually result in a system similar to the

original one. This is called secondary succession.

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Questions

What kind of succession is shown in the diagram?

2. What pioneer species are shown in stage 2 in the

diagram?

3. What are some other natural and human activities

that might cause secondary succession?

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1. Primary succession 2. Lichens 3. Answers include volcanoes and tornadoes (natural) and cutting down trees or mining areas (human).

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Ecology

California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 6.b

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States with zebra mussel populations

Quick Review

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[pic] Zebra mussels are not native to the United States.

They were introduced to the U.S. from Eastern

Europe and Asia by ships from these areas.

[pic] Zebra mussels have caused serious structural

damage and clogged water supply lines.

[pic] In some habitats, zebra mussels have displaced

native mollusk species, making them almost

extinct. They have also depleted the food supplies

of many fish species.

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Questions

1. According to the map, which state appears to have

the most widespread zebra mussel problem?

2. Read page 700 in your textbook. Do you think zebra

mussels will spread to other states? Why or why not?

3. What do you think should be done about zebra

mussels? Use library and other sources to support

your answer.

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1. Michigan 2. Answers should clarify and defend a position 3. Students should consult appropriate sources and write an analytical

with precise and relevant evidence. essay. Essays should include precise and relevant evidence.

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© Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

Ecology

California Biology/Life Science Standard Bl 6.c

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MOOSE AND WOLF POPULATIONS

ON ISLE ROYALE

Wolves

Moose

Year

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Quick Review

[pic] Major interactions among organisms are

competition, predation, and symbiosis.

[pic] Interactions between organisms help shape the

environment.

[pic] The population of wolves, which feed on moose,

fluctuates with moose numbers.

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Questions

1. Which type of interaction occurs between wolves

and moose?

2. Relative to the wolf population, when does the

moose population increase in size?

3. What would you expect to see during a year

when moose can't find enough to eat?

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1. Predation 2. When the wolf population decreases 3. Lower moose numbers, which in turn lowers wolf numbers

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Ecology

California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 6.c

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Human Population Growth

Quick Review

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[pic] As resources become less available, the growth of a

population slows or stops. Logistic growth occurs

when a population’s growth slows or stops

following a period of exponential growth.

[pic] The largest number of individuals that a given

environment can support is called the carrying

capacity of the environment for a particular

species. This occurs when the average growth rate

is zero.

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Questions

1. According to the graph, when did the human

population begin growing rapidly?

2. What are some factors that limited the size of the

human population of the past?

3. What kind of growth does the graph show?

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1. About 500 years ago 2. Scarce food, disease 3. Exponential growth

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© Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

Ecology

California Biology/Life Science Standard Bl 6.d

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RUNOFF AND

GROUNDWATER

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Quick Review

[pic] The water cycle begins when water evaporates

from oceans, lakes, and rivers, and is released

from plants or animals.

[pic] Water vapor condenses as it cools to form clouds.

When the water droplets become heavy enough,

they fall back to Earth as precipitation.

[pic] Precipitation that falls on land can evaporate,

flow into rivers and lakes, or seep into the

ground where it will flow into lakes and oceans.

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Questions

1. What source of energy drives the water cycle?

2. How does the water cycle renew Earth's supply

of fresh water?

What happens to rain that falls into the oceans?

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1. The sun 2. Most of the water that evaporates comes from the salty oceans but becomes fresh as it evaporates. 3. It remains in the ocean until it evaporates and continues the cycle.

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Ecology

California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 6.e

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Quick Review

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[pic] The amount of life any environment can support is

limited by the available energy, water, oxygen, and

minerals, and by the ability of ecosystems to

recycle materials.

[pic] Matter, such as water, nutrients, and minerals,

recycles within and between ecosystems.

[pic] Carbon is the building block of all organic matter. It is

present in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and is

used by plants to produce carbohydrates.

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Questions

How does the horse obtain energy by eating apples?

In the carbon cycle, how do animals benefit plants?

3. What is one major effect of deforestation on the

atmosphere?

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2. Animals produce carbon

dioxide that plants need.

3. Less carbon dioxide is absorbed. Increased

levels of CO2 in the atmosphere contribute

to global warming.

1. By breaking down sugar molecules

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© Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

Ecology

California Biology/Life Science Standard Bl 6.f

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Quick Review

[pic] Ecological pyramids show the relative amounts

of energy or matter available within each

trophic level in a food chain or food web.

[pic] Most energy is contained at the producer level.

[pic] Only about 10 percent of the energy available in

each level is transferred to the level above it.

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Questions

1. Which trophic level harnesses energy from the

sun or from chemicals?

2. What happens to the rest of the energy that isn't

passed on to the next trophic level?

3. How would consumers benefit by being part of a

shorter food chain?

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1. The first trophic level (producers) 2. It is lost to the environment as heat. 3. They would be harvesting more of the energy initially available.

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Ecology

California Biology/Life Science Standard *BI 6.g

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Chinese

Pangolin

Nine-Banded

Armadillo

Giant Anteater

Aardvark

Common

Echidna

Quick Review

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[pic] Living organisms adapt to changing environments

through changes in structure or behavior.

[pic] This trend has occurred many times throughout

life’s history and contributes to the diversity of

plants and animals.

[pic] Unrelated mammal species that feed on ants and

termites developed in five different regions.

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Questions

1. What features help these ant- and termite-eating

mammals find and dig out insects?

2. How are the armadillo and pangolin adapted to

fending off predators?

3. What can you infer about the environments where

these five different mammals are found?

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1. Claws, long snout, and long sticky tongue 2. They have hard scaly armor. 3. They present similar ecological opportunities.

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