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Ecology
California Biology/Life Science Standard 6 5.b
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Small fish
Zooplankton
Squid
Shark
Algae
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Quick Review
[pic] Energy flows through an ecosystem in one
direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds
to autotrophs (producers) and then to various
heterotrophs (consumers).
[pic] Food chains show the one-way flow of energy in
an ecosystem.
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Questions
1. Which organism in the food chain above is an
autotroph?
2. For what do heterotrophs depend on autotrophs?
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Algae
Energy/food supply
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© Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
Ecology
California Biology/Life Science Standard 6 5.b
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Snake
Fox
Hawk
Bird
Owl
Frog
Rabbit
Mouse
Grasses
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Quick Review
[pic] Energy flows through an ecosystem in one
direction, from producers to consumers.
[pic] The network of feeding relationships within an
ecosystem is represented by a food web.
[pic] Each step in a food chain is a trophic level. Each
consumer derives energy from the level before it.
[pic]
Questions
1. How many consumers derive their energy from
grasses in this food web?
2. Which organism derives its energy from the most
number of sources?
3. What effect do you think a drought would have
on a prairie food web?
4. [pic]
1. Three 2. The hawk 3. The primary consumers and all the levels above them would not get enough food and energy.
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Ecology
California Biology/Life Science Standard 6 5.c
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Quick Review
[pic] The sun directly or indirectly supplies the energy
used by all living things.
[pic] Producers, such as plants, convert radiant energy
from the sun into chemical energy (sugars).
[pic] Consumers, such as animals, get energy by eating
food (plants or other animals).
[pic] About 60% of all food energy taken in by organisms
is lost to the environment as heat.
[pic]
Questions
1. What is the ultimate source of energy for all living
things?
2. Compare the way plants and animals get energy.
3. How have humans had a negative effect on
ecosystems?
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1. The sun 2. Plants convert energy from the sun into sugars; animals eat food. 3. By polluting the air and water and
by destroying habitats.
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Ecology
California Biology/Life Science Standard 6 5.c
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LICHEN
Densely packed hyphae
Layer of
algae or cyanobacteria
Loosely packed hyphae
Densely packed hyphae
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Quick Review
[pic] In commensalism, one organism benefits and the
other is neither helped nor harmed.
[pic] In a mutualistic relationship, both species benefit
from the relationship.
[pic] Lichen is composed of fungus and a photosynthetic
organism (an alga or a cyanobacterium) in a
mutualistic relationship.
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Questions
1. Would fungus alone be able to survive on bare rock?
Why or why not?
2. What part of the lichen shields the algae or
cyanobacteria from the environment?
3. [pic]
No. It would not have an energy source.
The upper layer of densely packed hyphae
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Ecology
California Biology/Life Science Standard 6 5.e
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Quick Review
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[pic] Biotic factors are biological influences on organisms
within an ecosystem. Physical, or nonliving, factors
that shape ecosystems are called abiotic factors.
[pic] In tropical biomes, abiotic factors include warm
temperatures and rainfall that ranges from high
in rain forests to low in deserts.
[pic] In temperate biomes, temperatures are generally
hot to mild in summer and cold in winter.
Precipitation is usually moderate.
[pic]
Questions
1. What abiotic factors might be important to organisms
living on the floor of a tropical rain forest?
2. What biotic factors might be important to insects
living on the floor of a tropical rain forest?
3. What major abiotic factor besides latitude can affect
the temperature and precipitation of an area?
4. [pic]
1. Warm temperatures, high precipitation, high humidity,
low sunlight, and so on
2. Fungi, plants, bacteria, and other animals living
on the rain forest floor
3. Elevation
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Ecology
California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 6.a
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Quick Review
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[pic] Ecosystems are constantly changing in response
to natural and human disturbances. A series of
predictable changes that occur in a community
over time is called ecological succession.
[pic] Succession that occurs where no soil exists is called
primary succession.
[pic] If a disaster, such as flood or fire occurs, the
damaged ecosystem is likely to recover in stages
that eventually result in a system similar to the
original one. This is called secondary succession.
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Questions
What kind of succession is shown in the diagram?
2. What pioneer species are shown in stage 2 in the
diagram?
3. What are some other natural and human activities
that might cause secondary succession?
4. [pic]
1. Primary succession 2. Lichens 3. Answers include volcanoes and tornadoes (natural) and cutting down trees or mining areas (human).
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Ecology
California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 6.b
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States with zebra mussel populations
Quick Review
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[pic] Zebra mussels are not native to the United States.
They were introduced to the U.S. from Eastern
Europe and Asia by ships from these areas.
[pic] Zebra mussels have caused serious structural
damage and clogged water supply lines.
[pic] In some habitats, zebra mussels have displaced
native mollusk species, making them almost
extinct. They have also depleted the food supplies
of many fish species.
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Questions
1. According to the map, which state appears to have
the most widespread zebra mussel problem?
2. Read page 700 in your textbook. Do you think zebra
mussels will spread to other states? Why or why not?
3. What do you think should be done about zebra
mussels? Use library and other sources to support
your answer.
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1. Michigan 2. Answers should clarify and defend a position 3. Students should consult appropriate sources and write an analytical
with precise and relevant evidence. essay. Essays should include precise and relevant evidence.
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© Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
Ecology
California Biology/Life Science Standard Bl 6.c
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MOOSE AND WOLF POPULATIONS
ON ISLE ROYALE
Wolves
Moose
Year
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Quick Review
[pic] Major interactions among organisms are
competition, predation, and symbiosis.
[pic] Interactions between organisms help shape the
environment.
[pic] The population of wolves, which feed on moose,
fluctuates with moose numbers.
[pic]
Questions
1. Which type of interaction occurs between wolves
and moose?
2. Relative to the wolf population, when does the
moose population increase in size?
3. What would you expect to see during a year
when moose can't find enough to eat?
4. [pic]
1. Predation 2. When the wolf population decreases 3. Lower moose numbers, which in turn lowers wolf numbers
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Ecology
California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 6.c
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Human Population Growth
Quick Review
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[pic] As resources become less available, the growth of a
population slows or stops. Logistic growth occurs
when a population’s growth slows or stops
following a period of exponential growth.
[pic] The largest number of individuals that a given
environment can support is called the carrying
capacity of the environment for a particular
species. This occurs when the average growth rate
is zero.
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Questions
1. According to the graph, when did the human
population begin growing rapidly?
2. What are some factors that limited the size of the
human population of the past?
3. What kind of growth does the graph show?
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1. About 500 years ago 2. Scarce food, disease 3. Exponential growth
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© Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
Ecology
California Biology/Life Science Standard Bl 6.d
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RUNOFF AND
GROUNDWATER
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Quick Review
[pic] The water cycle begins when water evaporates
from oceans, lakes, and rivers, and is released
from plants or animals.
[pic] Water vapor condenses as it cools to form clouds.
When the water droplets become heavy enough,
they fall back to Earth as precipitation.
[pic] Precipitation that falls on land can evaporate,
flow into rivers and lakes, or seep into the
ground where it will flow into lakes and oceans.
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Questions
1. What source of energy drives the water cycle?
2. How does the water cycle renew Earth's supply
of fresh water?
What happens to rain that falls into the oceans?
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1. The sun 2. Most of the water that evaporates comes from the salty oceans but becomes fresh as it evaporates. 3. It remains in the ocean until it evaporates and continues the cycle.
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Ecology
California Biology/Life Science Standard BI 6.e
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Quick Review
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[pic] The amount of life any environment can support is
limited by the available energy, water, oxygen, and
minerals, and by the ability of ecosystems to
recycle materials.
[pic] Matter, such as water, nutrients, and minerals,
recycles within and between ecosystems.
[pic] Carbon is the building block of all organic matter. It is
present in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and is
used by plants to produce carbohydrates.
[pic]
Questions
How does the horse obtain energy by eating apples?
In the carbon cycle, how do animals benefit plants?
3. What is one major effect of deforestation on the
atmosphere?
4. [pic]
2. Animals produce carbon
dioxide that plants need.
3. Less carbon dioxide is absorbed. Increased
levels of CO2 in the atmosphere contribute
to global warming.
1. By breaking down sugar molecules
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© Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
Ecology
California Biology/Life Science Standard Bl 6.f
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[pic]
Quick Review
[pic] Ecological pyramids show the relative amounts
of energy or matter available within each
trophic level in a food chain or food web.
[pic] Most energy is contained at the producer level.
[pic] Only about 10 percent of the energy available in
each level is transferred to the level above it.
[pic]
Questions
1. Which trophic level harnesses energy from the
sun or from chemicals?
2. What happens to the rest of the energy that isn't
passed on to the next trophic level?
3. How would consumers benefit by being part of a
shorter food chain?
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1. The first trophic level (producers) 2. It is lost to the environment as heat. 3. They would be harvesting more of the energy initially available.
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Ecology
California Biology/Life Science Standard *BI 6.g
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Chinese
Pangolin
Nine-Banded
Armadillo
Giant Anteater
Aardvark
Common
Echidna
Quick Review
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[pic] Living organisms adapt to changing environments
through changes in structure or behavior.
[pic] This trend has occurred many times throughout
life’s history and contributes to the diversity of
plants and animals.
[pic] Unrelated mammal species that feed on ants and
termites developed in five different regions.
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Questions
1. What features help these ant- and termite-eating
mammals find and dig out insects?
2. How are the armadillo and pangolin adapted to
fending off predators?
3. What can you infer about the environments where
these five different mammals are found?
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1. Claws, long snout, and long sticky tongue 2. They have hard scaly armor. 3. They present similar ecological opportunities.
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