FIRST AMERICANS: PREHISTORY—1600



FIRST AMERICANS: PREHISTORY—1600

BOOK 1, A History Of Us, Joy Hakim

1. The 1,000-mile-wide marshy “land bridge” by which immigrants from Asia crossed into the Americas between 15,000 and 30,000 years ago. [17] _________________

2. He was the individual who first called Native Americans “Indians.” [21] _______________________________

3. This new type of weapon enabled early Native Americans to throw darts much more effectively – it was but one prominent example of how humans were gaining the upper hand over the large animals of the New World. [21] _______________

4. The people of the Far North do not use “Eskimo,” an Algonquin word meaning “eaters of raw flesh,” to describe themselves but rather this term, which can be translated as “the people.” [26] ______________

5. Much early exploration in the Americas was motivated by the search for this mythical waterway to Asia. [29] ________________________

6—7. Ancestors of the Pueblo Indians, they lived in the thirteenth century in the Four Corners region where today’s New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Utah now intersect. [31] ______________________ Literally “green table mountain,” this Colorado site was the most impressive of their cliff dwellings. [31,34] ___________________

8. These tall fir carvings of animal and human symbols were used by the Indians of the Northwest to represent a family’s power and rank. [35] ___________________

9. From a Nootka word for “giving,” these massive Northwest parties revolved around the giving away of possessions by the host, who thereby gained considerable prestige. [37] ______________________

10. The approximate number of different languages spoken by the Indians of North America circa 1500 AD. [40] _____________

11. This animal was at the center of Plains Indians life and culture: it provided material for food, shelter, clothing, and fuel. [45] __________________

12—14. Linguists classify America’s many languages into these three families. [48] _______________________; _________________________; ____________________

15. This 1300-foot-long, winding Ohio mound is one of the most impressive of such edifices etched onto the landscape by ancient Native Americans. [50-51] __________________

16—20. Located across the Mississippi from the current site of St. Louis, this city covered six square miles and had some 25,000 inhabitants circa 1000 AD. [52] _______________ The powerful ruler of this slave society. [52] _______________ The name given to the slaves, they could marry upwards into the noble class. [52] ________________ The Mound-Building culture of which this city was the center. [53] ___________________ The introduction of this crop some one thousand years ago was probably the feature that distinguished the civilization from the two earlier eras of Mound-Builders. [53] _____________

21. The oldest of the Mound Builders, they lived some 2,500 years ago and are named for the region in Ohio where some of their mounds were found. [53] ______________

22. This nineteenth-century farmer who found thirty mounds on his Ohio farm has given his name to the era some 2,000 years ago when mound-building flourished. [50-51, 53] ____________________

23—25. What is the name typically given by historians and archaeologists to the Indians of the eastern forests? [55] __________________ Most of these Native Americans were divided into these two major language groupings. [57] __________________; ______________________

26—32. What were the five original nations of the Iroquois League? [58] ____________; ________________; ________________; ________________; ___________________ This sixth nation joined the Confederacy in 1722 when they were driven from North Carolina by white settlers. [58] ___________________ The name the Iroquois gave to their chiefs. [58] _________________

33. These tiny shell beads were woven into designs and used by the Iroquois both as money and to tell stories of the tribe. [58] ________________

34. The name the Iroquois gave to North America. [60] ________________________

35—36. The name given by Leif Erickson to the area he explored (in today’s Newfoundland) around 1000 AD. [62-63] __________________ In the 1960s archaeologists found the remains of a Viking settlement at this Newfoundland site. [66] _____________ _______________________________

37. This Portuguese monarch helped spur the age of exploration by funding various fifteenth-century expeditions eastward towards Cathay (China). [71] _________________________________________

38. The erroneous maps of this famous Greek classical geographer were still being used in the Renaissance of Columbus’s time, 13 centuries after their design. [75] _________________

39—41. The marriage of this Castilian queen and this Aragonian king would help to unify Spain. [75] __________________; ______________________ The reconquest in 1492 of the last remaining lands from this group, who had occupied parts of Spain since the eighth century, accentuated Spain’s new triumphalist and expansive vision. [75] ________________

42. The ship on which Christopher Columbus sailed to the Americas. [77] ______________

43. The name Columbus gave to the island where his crew first landed, it means “Holy Savior” in Spanish. [79] ________________________

44. The Tiano people who first met Columbus spoke this language; soon all of its speakers would be dead, killed by European weapons, slavery, and disease. [79-80] _____________________

45. The title bestowed upon Columbus by the king and queen when he returned to Spain. [81] _________________________________________________

46. The first Spanish settlement in the Americas. [82] ____________________

47—56. What is the name historians typically give to the transfer of new plants and animals between the Old World and the Americas? [84] ____________________________ Name four animals introduced to the Americas as a result of this exchange. [84] __________; _________________; __________________; ___________________ Name one animal transferred from the New World to the Old. [84] ______________ This New World crop would become a staple in Africa. [84] _____________ This New World crop would become the basic food for the working class in Ireland and Germany. [84] __________________ It is hard to imagine contemporary Italian cooking without this New World vegetable. [84] _________________ This Old World crop would create tremendous wealth for the plantation owners of Jamaica and Barbados. [84] _____________

57. His 1497 voyage with eighteen men became the basis for the English claim to all of North America. [88] _______________________

58. Meaning “conqueror,” it was the Spanish term for the early explorers and soldiers who arrived in the Americas. [88] _____________________

59. Crossing the Isthmus of Panama in 1513, he became the first European to see the Pacific’s western coast. [88] ______________________________

60. His 1519 quest for a short-cut to the Moluccas or the Spice Islands would take him past the tip of South America through the straits that would come to bear his name on to a remarkable three-year around-the-world adventure. [90] ____________________

61—62. Although not the first European to explore the New World, he was one of the first to recognize it as a new continent, and it was his name and not that of Columbus that would provide the name for this novus mundus. [95] ___________________________ Whose famous 1507 world map was the first to use the new name? [96] _________________________________________________

63—65. What tribe controlled much of present-day Mexico when the Spaniards first arrived in the early sixteenth century? [103] ___________________ Their ruler, he was the most powerful in North America, with perhaps some 10 million subjects under his command. [103] _____________________________ Tribal legends predicted that this feathered serpent would arrive from the east in human form to take back land that was his. [103-104] ____________________________

66. His force of 550 soldiers and 16 horses would forge alliances with the discontented natives of the surrounding area to conquer Mexico for Spain. [103] _____________________

67—68. The greatest city in the Americas, it was the capital of the Aztec empire. [105] ______________________ What was the approximate number of people who lived in this city? [106] ____________________

69. What disease decimated the Aztecs, as indeed it did also to many other Native American peoples? [107] ___________________

70. Literally the “golden one,” this legend of a New World place where gold was commonplace and of the king who ruled here spurred much Spanish and other European exploration. [113] ______________________

71—72. Perhaps the first Spaniard to set foot in North America, he had earlier become the governor of Puerto Rico but pushed westward in search of the Fountain of Youth. [113] __________________________ In 1513, he would give a name, literally “flowery,” to what future American state? [113] _________________

73—76. What native empire controlled present-day Peru in the sixteenth century? [114-15] _____________________ What Spaniard toppled the empire with but 180 men, 67 horses, and 3 guns? [114] ________________________________ What was the capital of this empire? [115] ___________ Who was the leader of the native empire? [115] ____________________

77. Spanish for “mixed,” these were the children of Spaniards and Native Americans. [117] ______________________

78. From the Spanish word for “mule,” these were the children of Spaniards and blacks. [117] ___________________

79. Whose 1540 exploration to the southwest was in part motivated by the quest to find the mythical Seven Cities of Cibola? [122-25] ______________________________________

80. The first permanent European colony in the North American West, it was established by the Spaniards in New Mexico in 1610. [132] __________________

81. Arriving in the New World in 1502, this priest questioned not only the Spaniards’ enslaving of Native Americans but Europeans’ ethnocentrism. [133-34] _______________ ____________________

82. Henry VIII, the king of England, broke with the Catholic Church in 1534 to found this, also known as the Church of England. [140] ______________________

83. What Italian, in the employ of the French, would sail up the North American coast and into what would become New York City’s harbor (today a huge suspension bridge named in his honor links Staten Island to Brooklyn). [142] ________________________

84. What European fashion helped to spur the development of New France? [149] ______________________________

85. The French explorer Samuel de Champlain founded what settlement in 1608, the second-oldest continuously-occupied city on the North American continent? [151] ________________

86. The late seventeenth-century French explorer Sieur de La Salle canoed down from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the Mississippi River and everything west of it for France and naming it what in honor of the French king of the day? [153] ______________________

87. After receiving a charter to the English territory in the New World, Sir Walter Raleigh named the land what, after Queen Elizabeth? [158] ____________________

88. What was the first permanent colony (1565) founded on land that would later become part of the United States? [159] __________________________

89—91. English colonists landed on what island, now part of North Carolina, in 1587? [160] _____________________ He was at first an artist and then a leader on these early English expeditions to the New World. [158, 160] _______________________ What is the name given to the ill-fated first attempt at English settlement? [161] ______________________

92. The defeat of what major naval invasion force in 1588 marked the moment when Spanish power began to be replaced by that of the English? [165] ___________________

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