Transportation Needs of Disadvantaged Populations: Where, When, and How?

Transportation Needs of Disadvantaged Populations:

Where, When, and How?

FEBRUARY 2013

FTA Report No. 0030 Federal Transit Administration

PREPARED BY

Fang Zhao Thomas Gustafson Center for Special Needs of Special Populations (TRANSPO) Florida International University

COVER PHOTO Courtesy of iStockphoto.

DISCLAIMER This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this report.

Transportation Needs of Disadvantaged Populations: Where, When, and How?

FEBRUARY 2013

FTA Report No. 0030

PREPARED BY

Fang Zhao Thomas Gustafson Center for Special Needs of Special Populations (TRANSPO) Florida International University

SPONSORED BY

Federal Transit Administration U.S. Department of Transportation 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington, DC 20590

AVAILABLE ONLINE



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FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION

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SYMBOL

in ft yd mi

fl oz gal ft3 yd3

oz lb T

oF

MMeettrriicc CCoonnvveresrisoinoTnaTbaleble

WHEN YOU KNOW

MULTIPLY BY

TO FIND

LENGTH

inches

25.4

millimeters

feet

0.305

meters

yards

0.914

meters

miles

1.61

kilometers

VOLUME

fluid ounces

29.57

milliliters

gallons

3.785

liters

cubic feet

0.028

cubic meters

cubic yards

0.765

cubic meters

NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3

MASS

ounces

28.35

grams

pounds

0.454

kilograms

short tons (2000 lb)

0.907

megagrams (or "metric ton")

TEMPERATURE (exact degrees)

Fahrenheit

5 (F-32)/9 or (F-32)/1.8

Celsius

SYMBOL

mm m m km

mL L m 3 m 3

g kg Mg (or "t")

oC

FEDERFAELDETRRAAL NTRSAITNSAITDAMDMININISISTTRRAATTIOIONN ii ii

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE

Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruc tions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY

2. REPORT DATE February 2013

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Transportation Needs of Disadvantaged Populations: Where, When, and How?

3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED Final Report

5. FUNDING NUMBERS FL-04-7104

6. AUTHOR(S) Fang Zhao and Thomas Gustafson

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESSE(ES)

Center for Special Needs of Special Populations (TRANSPO) Florida International University 10555 W. Flagler Street, EC 3680, Miami, FL 33174

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER FTA Report No. 0030

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Transit Administration East Building 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington, DC 20590

10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

FTA Report No. 0030

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

12A. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Available from: National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA 22161. Phone 703.605.6000, Fax 703.605.6900, email [orders@]

12B. DISTRIBUTION CODE TRI-20

13. ABSTRACT

Transportation needs of disadvantaged populations (persons with disabilities, older adults, and the poor) are explored, and a methodology to address transit markets is examined to determine where, when, and how to provide for basic mobility needs assuming pedestrian and transit-accessible community development. Interrelated and innovative strategies are suggested that weave together suggestions for both the disadvantaged and those who would support a growing economy. Consequently, pathways for the whole population are envisioned.

14. SUBJECT TERMS Low-income workers, job accessibility, transit, advanced transit-oriented development

15. NUMBER OF PAGES 91

16. PRICE CODE

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF REPORT

Unclassified

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE Unclassified

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1

Executive Summary

3

Section 1: Introduction

5

Section 2: Literature Review

5

Low-Income Working Families

8

Availability of Affordable Housing

13

Transportation Needs for Low-Income Working Families

13

Average Costs of Transportation

14

Understanding Auto vs. Transit Mode

15

Housing and Transportation Issues

17

Overcoming Barriers

19

Factors Affecting Transit Use

20

Transit-Oriented Developments

21

TODs and Affordability

22

Impact of TODs on Transit Ridership

24

Density and Transit Use

24

Transit-Supportive Density

25

Mixed Land Use

25

Quality of Transit

26

TOD Design

27

Parking

28

Cooperation of All Involved Parties

29

Summary

32

Section 3: Miami-Dade County Case Study

32

Public and Low-Cost Housing Availability and Locations

39

Employment

47

Transportation Needs of Low-Income Workers

64

Transit Services

71

Summary

72

Section 4: Conclusions and Recommendations

74

References

79

Appendix A: Employment Classifications

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LIST OF FIGURES

16

Figure 2-1: Housing Cost as a Percentage of Income

16

Figure 2-2: Housing and Transportation Cost as a Percentage of Income,

Miami-Dade County

33

Figure 3-1: Locations of Public Housing, Miami-Dade County,

Miami-Dade County

34

Figure 3-2: Locations of Subsidized Rental Units, Miami-Dade County

35

Figure 3-3: Distribution of Affordable Owner-Occupied Housing Units for

Annual Household Income of $20,000 or Less, Miami-Dade County

36

Figure 3-4: Distribution of Affordable Renter-Occupied Housing Units for

Annual Household Income of $20,000 or Less, Miami-Dade County

37

Figure 3-5: Distribution of Affordable Owner-Occupied Housing Units for

Annual Household Income of $35,000 or Less, Miami-Dade County

38

Figure 3-6: Distribution of Affordable Renter-Occupied Housing Units for

Annual Household Income of $35,000 or Less, Miami-Dade County

39

Figure 3-7: Median Household Income by Age of Householder,

Miami-Dade County

40

Figure 3-8 : Income Distribution of Workers with Retail Trade Jobs,

Miami-Dade County

40

Figure 3-9 : Income Distribution of Workers with Service Jobs,

Miami-Dade County

41

Figure 3-10: Income Distribution of Workers with Industrial Jobs,

Miami-Dade County

41

Figure 3-11: Income Distribution of Workers with Government Jobs,

Miami-Dade County

41

Figure 3-12: Income Distribution of Workers with Commercial Jobs,

Miami-Dade County

42

Figure 3-13: Income Distribution of Workers with Professional Jobs,

Miami-Dade County

44

Figure 3-14: Employment Distribution of Retail and Service Jobs,

Miami-Dade County

45

Figure 3-15: Ratio of Retail and Service Jobs to Low-Income Workers with

30 Minutes of Travel Time (Annual Household Income Less

than $30,000), Miami-Dade County

46

Figure 3-16: Ratio of Retail and Service Jobs to Low-Income Workers with

30 Minutes of Travel Time (Annual Household Income Less

than $40,000), Miami-Dade County

48

Figure 3-17: Distribution of Workers with Annual Household Income Less

than $15,000 at Place of Residence, Miami-Dade County

49

Figure 3-18: Distribution of Workers with Annual Household Income Less

than $15,000 at Place of Work, Miami-Dade County

50

Figure 3-19: Distribution of Workers with Annual Household Income Less

than $30,000 at Place of Residence, Miami-Dade County

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51

Figure 3-20: Distribution of Workers with Annual Household Income Less

than $30,000 at Place of Work, Miami-Dade County

52

Figure 3-21: Distribution of Workers with Annual Household Income Less

than $40,000 at Place of Residence, Miami-Dade County

53

Figure 3-22: Distribution of Workers with Annual Household Income Less

than $40,000 at Place of Work, Miami-Dade County

55

Figure 3-23: Distribution of Households without Vehicles in

Owner-Occupied Housing Units, Miami-Dade County

56

Figure 3-24: Distribution of Households without Vehicles in

Renter-Occupied Housing Units, Miami-Dade County

57

Figure 3-25: Average Number of Vehicles per Owner-Occupied

Housing Units, Miami-Dade County

58

Figure 3-26: Average Number of Vehicles per Renter-Occupied

Housing Units, Miami-Dade County

59

Figure 3-27: Average Travel Time for Workers with Annual Earnings of Less

than $10,000, Miami-Dade County

60

Figure 3-28: Average Travel Time for Workers with Annual Earnings of

$10,000?$20,000, Miami-Dade County

61

Figure 3-29: Average Travel Time for Workers with Annual Earnings of

$20,000?$30,000, Miami-Dade County

62

Figure 3-30: Average Travel Time for Workers with Annual Earnings of

$30,000?$40,000, Miami-Dade County

64

Figure 3-31: Work Trip Zonal Interchanges for Low-Income Workers,

Miami-Dade County

65

Figure 3-32: Transit Routes and Stops in Miami-Dade County

66

Figure 3-33: Low-Income Worker Origins & Destinations,

Miami-Dade County

LIST OF TABLES

5 9 9 10 28 39 42

Table 2-1: Table 2-2: Table 2-3: Table 2-4: Table 2-5: Table 3-1: Table 3-2:

42

Table 3-3:

2006 HHS Poverty Guidelines Projected Affordable Housing Needs for Renters, 2008?2030 Projected Affordable Housing Needs for Owners, 2008?2030 Income Limits Adjusted by Family Size for Fiscal Year 2006 Planning and Development Challenges of TODs Surveyed Workers by Job Type in Tri-County Area Percentage of Low-income Workers by Employment Type, Miami-Dade County Percentage of Jobs by Employment Type, Miami-Dade Count

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