Transportation Needs of Disadvantaged Populations: Where, When, and How?
Transportation Needs of Disadvantaged Populations:
Where, When, and How?
FEBRUARY 2013
FTA Report No. 0030 Federal Transit Administration
PREPARED BY
Fang Zhao Thomas Gustafson Center for Special Needs of Special Populations (TRANSPO) Florida International University
COVER PHOTO Courtesy of iStockphoto.
DISCLAIMER This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this report.
Transportation Needs of Disadvantaged Populations: Where, When, and How?
FEBRUARY 2013
FTA Report No. 0030
PREPARED BY
Fang Zhao Thomas Gustafson Center for Special Needs of Special Populations (TRANSPO) Florida International University
SPONSORED BY
Federal Transit Administration U.S. Department of Transportation 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington, DC 20590
AVAILABLE ONLINE
i
FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION
i
SYMBOL
in ft yd mi
fl oz gal ft3 yd3
oz lb T
oF
MMeettrriicc CCoonnvveresrisoinoTnaTbaleble
WHEN YOU KNOW
MULTIPLY BY
TO FIND
LENGTH
inches
25.4
millimeters
feet
0.305
meters
yards
0.914
meters
miles
1.61
kilometers
VOLUME
fluid ounces
29.57
milliliters
gallons
3.785
liters
cubic feet
0.028
cubic meters
cubic yards
0.765
cubic meters
NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3
MASS
ounces
28.35
grams
pounds
0.454
kilograms
short tons (2000 lb)
0.907
megagrams (or "metric ton")
TEMPERATURE (exact degrees)
Fahrenheit
5 (F-32)/9 or (F-32)/1.8
Celsius
SYMBOL
mm m m km
mL L m 3 m 3
g kg Mg (or "t")
oC
FEDERFAELDETRRAAL NTRSAITNSAITDAMDMININISISTTRRAATTIOIONN ii ii
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188
Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruc tions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.
1. AGENCY USE ONLY
2. REPORT DATE February 2013
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Transportation Needs of Disadvantaged Populations: Where, When, and How?
3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED Final Report
5. FUNDING NUMBERS FL-04-7104
6. AUTHOR(S) Fang Zhao and Thomas Gustafson
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESSE(ES)
Center for Special Needs of Special Populations (TRANSPO) Florida International University 10555 W. Flagler Street, EC 3680, Miami, FL 33174
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER FTA Report No. 0030
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Transit Administration East Building 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington, DC 20590
10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER
FTA Report No. 0030
11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
12A. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Available from: National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA 22161. Phone 703.605.6000, Fax 703.605.6900, email [orders@]
12B. DISTRIBUTION CODE TRI-20
13. ABSTRACT
Transportation needs of disadvantaged populations (persons with disabilities, older adults, and the poor) are explored, and a methodology to address transit markets is examined to determine where, when, and how to provide for basic mobility needs assuming pedestrian and transit-accessible community development. Interrelated and innovative strategies are suggested that weave together suggestions for both the disadvantaged and those who would support a growing economy. Consequently, pathways for the whole population are envisioned.
14. SUBJECT TERMS Low-income workers, job accessibility, transit, advanced transit-oriented development
15. NUMBER OF PAGES 91
16. PRICE CODE
17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF REPORT
Unclassified
18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE Unclassified
19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT
Unclassified
20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
Executive Summary
3
Section 1: Introduction
5
Section 2: Literature Review
5
Low-Income Working Families
8
Availability of Affordable Housing
13
Transportation Needs for Low-Income Working Families
13
Average Costs of Transportation
14
Understanding Auto vs. Transit Mode
15
Housing and Transportation Issues
17
Overcoming Barriers
19
Factors Affecting Transit Use
20
Transit-Oriented Developments
21
TODs and Affordability
22
Impact of TODs on Transit Ridership
24
Density and Transit Use
24
Transit-Supportive Density
25
Mixed Land Use
25
Quality of Transit
26
TOD Design
27
Parking
28
Cooperation of All Involved Parties
29
Summary
32
Section 3: Miami-Dade County Case Study
32
Public and Low-Cost Housing Availability and Locations
39
Employment
47
Transportation Needs of Low-Income Workers
64
Transit Services
71
Summary
72
Section 4: Conclusions and Recommendations
74
References
79
Appendix A: Employment Classifications
FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION
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LIST OF FIGURES
16
Figure 2-1: Housing Cost as a Percentage of Income
16
Figure 2-2: Housing and Transportation Cost as a Percentage of Income,
Miami-Dade County
33
Figure 3-1: Locations of Public Housing, Miami-Dade County,
Miami-Dade County
34
Figure 3-2: Locations of Subsidized Rental Units, Miami-Dade County
35
Figure 3-3: Distribution of Affordable Owner-Occupied Housing Units for
Annual Household Income of $20,000 or Less, Miami-Dade County
36
Figure 3-4: Distribution of Affordable Renter-Occupied Housing Units for
Annual Household Income of $20,000 or Less, Miami-Dade County
37
Figure 3-5: Distribution of Affordable Owner-Occupied Housing Units for
Annual Household Income of $35,000 or Less, Miami-Dade County
38
Figure 3-6: Distribution of Affordable Renter-Occupied Housing Units for
Annual Household Income of $35,000 or Less, Miami-Dade County
39
Figure 3-7: Median Household Income by Age of Householder,
Miami-Dade County
40
Figure 3-8 : Income Distribution of Workers with Retail Trade Jobs,
Miami-Dade County
40
Figure 3-9 : Income Distribution of Workers with Service Jobs,
Miami-Dade County
41
Figure 3-10: Income Distribution of Workers with Industrial Jobs,
Miami-Dade County
41
Figure 3-11: Income Distribution of Workers with Government Jobs,
Miami-Dade County
41
Figure 3-12: Income Distribution of Workers with Commercial Jobs,
Miami-Dade County
42
Figure 3-13: Income Distribution of Workers with Professional Jobs,
Miami-Dade County
44
Figure 3-14: Employment Distribution of Retail and Service Jobs,
Miami-Dade County
45
Figure 3-15: Ratio of Retail and Service Jobs to Low-Income Workers with
30 Minutes of Travel Time (Annual Household Income Less
than $30,000), Miami-Dade County
46
Figure 3-16: Ratio of Retail and Service Jobs to Low-Income Workers with
30 Minutes of Travel Time (Annual Household Income Less
than $40,000), Miami-Dade County
48
Figure 3-17: Distribution of Workers with Annual Household Income Less
than $15,000 at Place of Residence, Miami-Dade County
49
Figure 3-18: Distribution of Workers with Annual Household Income Less
than $15,000 at Place of Work, Miami-Dade County
50
Figure 3-19: Distribution of Workers with Annual Household Income Less
than $30,000 at Place of Residence, Miami-Dade County
FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION
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51
Figure 3-20: Distribution of Workers with Annual Household Income Less
than $30,000 at Place of Work, Miami-Dade County
52
Figure 3-21: Distribution of Workers with Annual Household Income Less
than $40,000 at Place of Residence, Miami-Dade County
53
Figure 3-22: Distribution of Workers with Annual Household Income Less
than $40,000 at Place of Work, Miami-Dade County
55
Figure 3-23: Distribution of Households without Vehicles in
Owner-Occupied Housing Units, Miami-Dade County
56
Figure 3-24: Distribution of Households without Vehicles in
Renter-Occupied Housing Units, Miami-Dade County
57
Figure 3-25: Average Number of Vehicles per Owner-Occupied
Housing Units, Miami-Dade County
58
Figure 3-26: Average Number of Vehicles per Renter-Occupied
Housing Units, Miami-Dade County
59
Figure 3-27: Average Travel Time for Workers with Annual Earnings of Less
than $10,000, Miami-Dade County
60
Figure 3-28: Average Travel Time for Workers with Annual Earnings of
$10,000?$20,000, Miami-Dade County
61
Figure 3-29: Average Travel Time for Workers with Annual Earnings of
$20,000?$30,000, Miami-Dade County
62
Figure 3-30: Average Travel Time for Workers with Annual Earnings of
$30,000?$40,000, Miami-Dade County
64
Figure 3-31: Work Trip Zonal Interchanges for Low-Income Workers,
Miami-Dade County
65
Figure 3-32: Transit Routes and Stops in Miami-Dade County
66
Figure 3-33: Low-Income Worker Origins & Destinations,
Miami-Dade County
LIST OF TABLES
5 9 9 10 28 39 42
Table 2-1: Table 2-2: Table 2-3: Table 2-4: Table 2-5: Table 3-1: Table 3-2:
42
Table 3-3:
2006 HHS Poverty Guidelines Projected Affordable Housing Needs for Renters, 2008?2030 Projected Affordable Housing Needs for Owners, 2008?2030 Income Limits Adjusted by Family Size for Fiscal Year 2006 Planning and Development Challenges of TODs Surveyed Workers by Job Type in Tri-County Area Percentage of Low-income Workers by Employment Type, Miami-Dade County Percentage of Jobs by Employment Type, Miami-Dade Count
FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION
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