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Paper 2 GuideYou will not know every question you see here in this packet and that is to be expected. I gave you all of the questions so that you can see that you will feel comfortable with a certain amount. We focused our studies really from Bismarck and German unification through Khrushchev. IB has teachers only focus on about 100 years…not all possible topics. Thus, you are better prepared to go into detail on particular questions and not just skim over your answers.When you take the test, cell phones, pagers, etc. are not allowed in the examining room.You must take black or blue ink pens for all written texts.Take time to plan your answers. This planning will help your answers be stronger. Remember that with Paper II, you answer TWO questions, each from a different ic 1: Causes, practices and effects of warsWar was a major feature of the 20th century. In this topic the different types of war should be identified, and the causes, practices and effects of these conflicts should be studied.Major themesDifferent types and nature of 20th century warfare? Civil? Guerrilla? Limited war, total war?Origins and causes of wars ? Long-term, short-term and immediate causes? Economic, ideological, political, religious causes?Nature of 20th century wars ? Technological developments, tactics and strategies, air, landand sea? Home front: economic and social impact (including changes inthe role and status of women)? Resistance and revolutionary movements?Effects and results of wars ? Peace settlements and wars ending without treaties? Attempts at collective security pre- and post-Second World War? Political repercussions and territorial changes? Post-war economic problemsCourse Materials for studyMexican Revolution (1910-1940)World War I (1914-1918)World War II (1939-1945)Cuban Revolution (1953-1965)Vietnam War (1955-1975)Sample QuestionsAccount for either the defeat of the Central Powers in the First World War or the Axis powers in the Second World War.To what extent do you agree with the view that war accelerates social change?Evaluate the contribution made towards the war effort by civilians on the home front and the battlefront in two wars, each chosen from a different pare and contrast the reasons for, and impact of, foreign involvement in two of the following: Russian Civil War; Spanish Civil War; Chinese Civil War.Peace settlements create conditions for new conflicts.. With reference to at least two settlements, explain to what extent you agree with this statement.To what extent should Germany be held responsible for causing both the First and Second World Wars?Why was there so much civil strife and civil war in China during the first half of the twentieth century?Compare and contrast the outcome and effects of two revolutionary wars, each chosen from a different region.How and why has guerilla warfare been used in the twentieth century? Examples should be given from at least two different regions.Explain the impact of war on two of the following: women, the arts, and the media.Assess the significance of either the Mexican Revolution (1910-1940) or the Vietnam War (1964-1975).In what ways have wars a) caused suffering and hardship to women and b) helped promote women’s equality? Specific evidence must be given from at least two regions.Analyze the reasons for the outbreak of war either in Algeria in 1954, or in Korea in 1950.In what ways and for what reasons did foreign intervention play an important role in two civil war, each chosen from a different region?Evaluate the successes and failures of one twentieth century treaty in addressing the causes of conflict, and restoring peace and normality.Using specific examples explain the popularity of war themes in a) films and b) novels and/or plays.To what extent has any twentieth century war changed the role of women?How far do you agree with the view of some recent historians that Chamberlain’s appeasement of Hitler at Munich was NOT a mistake?“The First and Second World Wars were European civil wars that required outside intervention to settle.” How far do you agree with this quotation?Examine the extent to which guerilla warfare has been successful since 1945 in any two wars each chosen from a different region.In what ways did Truman’s policy of “limited warfare” in Korea set the pattern of military conflict up to 1990?To what extent can it be said that the First World War was caused by the alliance system?Evaluate the role of ideological differences in two civil wars each chosen from a different region.In what ways and for what reasons have tactics changed in twentieth century warfare?How valid is the claim that treaties are not necessary to end wars? Support your answer with evidence from at least two regions.Explain with specific examples from their work, how artists have reacted to two of the following: Mexican Revolution, Spanish Civil War, and Vietnam WarIn what ways did the causes of the Second World War differ from the causes of the First World War?Evaluate the importance of naval warfare in twentieth century wars. Specific examples must be given from at least two wars.Analyze the results of two wars, each chosen from a different region.Assess the social and economic effects of one war on two of the countries involved, in the ten years following the end of the IC 1 – CAUSES, PRACTICES AND EFFECTS OF WAR 1. Compare and contrast the causes of the First World War and the Second World War. (2008) 2. To what extent did changes in military tactics and strategies determine the outcome of twentieth wars? (2008) 3. “Even in the twentieth century the term ‘total war’ could not be applied to any war.” To what extent do you agree with this judgment? (2008) 4. Analyse the results of either the Mexican Revolution or the Russian Civil War. (2008) 5. In what ways and with what results did two wars, each chosen from a different region, affect the role and status of women? (2008) 6. Compare and contrast the causes of two twentieth century civil wars. (2009) 7. Define guerrilla warfare, and discuss its significance in two wars, each chosen from a different region. (2009) 8. Analyse (a) the short-term results, and (b) the long-term results up to 1935, of the First World War. (2009)9. In what ways, and with what results, did either the Korean War or the Vietnam War bring about social and cultural changes in the countries involved? (2009) 10. In what ways, and for what reasons, did the nature of war in the air change between 1939 and 1990? (2009) 11. Discuss the part played in the outbreak of the First World War by two states (excluding Germany). (2010) 12. Analyse the reasons for, and the results of, either the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) or the Chinese Civil War (1946–1949). (2010) 13. Assess the significance of naval warfare in determining the outcome of one twentieth century war. (2010) 14. “Many twentieth century wars had the characteristics of both a limited and a total war.” With reference to two wars explain to what extent you agree with this statement. (2010) 15. For what reasons, and with what results, did Iran and Iraq fight a war from 1980 to 1988? (2010) 16. For what reasons, and with what results, did twentieth century wars influence the status of women? (2010) 17. Examine the factors which hindered attempts at collective security after either the First World War or the Second World War. (N 2010) 18. Analyse the causes of either the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) or the Falklands/Malvinas War (1982). (N 2010) 19. With reference to two civil wars, compare and contrast the importance of ideology in (a) causing the civil war, and (b) attracting outside involvement. (N 2010) 20. In what ways, and for what reasons, did technological developments affect the nature and the outcome of two twentieth century wars, each chosen from a different region? (N 2010) 21. “In twentieth century total war, victory depended as much on the contribution of the home front as developments on the military front.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? (N 2010) 22. For what reasons, and with what results, did war occur either between India and Pakistan (1947–1971) or between Iran and Iraq (1980–1988)? (N 2010) 23. Compare and contrast the causes of the Iran–Iraq war (1980–1988) and the Falklands/Malvinas war (1982). 24. To what extent did militarism contribute to the origins of the First World War (1914–1918) and the Second World War (1939–1945)? (2011) 25. Analyse the impact of guerilla warfare on the course and outcome of one twentieth century war. (2011) 26. “No peace treaties have been made since the Second World War.” With reference to two specific examples, to what extent do you agree with this statement? (2011) 27. How effective have attempts been to achieve collective security since the Second World War (1939–1945)? Support your view with specific examples. (2011) 28. Assess the economic effects of either the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) or the Nicaraguan Revolution (1976–1979). (2011) 29. With reference to one war before 1945 and one war after 1945, assess the significance of either air power or naval power in deciding its outcome. (N2011) 30. “The contribution of outside intervention to victory in twentieth century civil wars was greatly exaggerated.” With reference to two civil wars, each chosen from a different region, to what extent do you agree with this statement? (N2011) 31. Analyse (a) the causes and (b) the short-term results of either the Algerian War (1954–1962) or the Gulf War (1991). (N2011) 32. Compare and contrast the social and economic results of two wars fought in the second half of the twentieth century. (N2011) 33. To what extent did the peace settlements after the First World War (a) deal with the issues which caused the war and (b) produce new problems, hindering future peace? (N2011) 34. Assess the importance of religious and economic factors in the origins of either the Spanish Civil War (1936– 1939) or the Indo-Pakistan wars (1947–1949, 1965, 1971). (N2011)Topic 5: The Cold WarMajor Themes1: The Origins of the cold war: Ideology, suspicion & fear & wartime allies to post war enemies. Nature of the Cold War: Ideological opposition, superpowers & spheres of influence, alliances and diplomacy2: Development & Impact of the Cold War:?(i) Global spread from Europe, Cold War policies of containment, brinkmanship, peaceful coexistence, detente.?(ii) UN & non aligned movement(iii) significant leaders(iv) Arms race, proliferation & limitation(v) Social, cultural and economic impact3: End of the Cold War: End of USSR, internal and external problems/pressures, breakdown of Soviet control over central and eastern Europe.DETAILED STUDY:Yalta & PotsdamTruman Doctrine & Marshall Plan, NATOSoviet Policies, Sovietization of Eastern Europe, COMECON, Warsaw PactSino-Soviet relations/US-Chinese relationsGermany (Berlin 45-61) Congo (60-64) Afghanisatn (79-88) Korea, Cuba, Vietnam & Castro, Gorbachev, Kennedy, Mao, Reagan, Stalin, TrumanThe Cold WarAssess the significance for the development of the Cold War between 1945 and 1950 of three of the following:The Yalta Conference, 1945The Iron Curtain speech, 1946The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan, 1947The expulsion of Yugoslavia from the Soviet block, 1948The Berlin Blockade and Airlift, 1948-1949The formation of NATO, 1949.“A different kind of Cold War.” To what extent is this a valid statement about the Cold War after 1953?Using specific examples, evaluate the successes and/or failures of “Détente”.What role did economic issues play in ending the Cold War?“Ideological differences played only a minor role in the origin and development of the Cold War.” How far do you agree with this statement?Analyze the importance of spheres of interest for one of the superpowers in the Cold War.“The Cold War was caused by fear, not aggression.” To what extent does this view explain how the Cold War developed between 1945 and 1949?Examine the impact of the Cold War on educational developments in two countries, each chosen from a different pare and contrast the aims and policies of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Warsaw Pact up to 1970.For what reasons, and with what results, up to 1963, did the United States adopt the policy known as “containment”?Excluding the superpowers, assess the role of two countries in the development of the Cold War after 1950.Assess the importance in the development of the Cold War of two of the following: the Yalta Conference; Berlin; the arms race; non-alignment; South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).Examine the impact of the Cold War on the social life and culture of two countries each chosen from a different region. How, and to what extent, did the conferences at Yalta and Potsdam (1945) contribute to the origin of the Cold War?“Although it began in Europe the spread of the Cold War to other regions was a much more dangerous development.” To what extent do you agree with this judgment?How and why did the policies of either the USA or the USSR affect superpower rivalry between 1950 and 1970?In what ways were gender and social issues affected by the Cold War?Assess the importance of détente and internal opposition to Communist rule in Communist countries, in ending the Cold WarTo what extent did events in the final year of the Second World War turn wartime allies into Cold War enemies?Compare and contrast the policies of the USA and the USSR towards Korea between 1945 and 1955.Assess the impact of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan on the development of the Cold War between 1945 and 1961.In what ways, and to what extent, did the Cold War become less confrontational after 1970?Assess the importance of social and economic issues in causing opposition to communist regimes.“Ideological differences played little part in the origin of the Cold War.” How far do you agree with this judgment?To what extent was Germany the cause of East/West disagreements between 1943 and 1963?Define “superpower rivalry” and assess its importance in international politics since 1945.Analyze the role of either Cuba or Vietnam in the development of the Cold pare and contrast the economic and social impact of the Cold War on two countries, each chosen from a different region.“The build up of missiles in Cuba in 1962 was a deliberate, provocative and unjustified action.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?What were the main social and cultural consequences of the Cold War?TOPIC 5 –THE COLD WAR Analyse the origin of East-West rivalry and explain why it developed into the Cold War. (2008) For what reasons, and with what results, did the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan affect Cold War development? (2008)Compare and contrast the roles of Korea and Vietnam in the Cold War. (2008) Explain the meaning of two of the following and show how each affected the development of the Cold War: containment; brinkmanship; non-alignment; détente. (2008) When and why did the Cold War end? (2008) For what reasons, and with what results, were there disagreements between participants at the conferences of Yalta and Potsdam in 1945? (2009) Define and analyse the importance of two of the following: (a) the formation of NATO (b) the Warsaw Pact (c) non-alignment (d) détente. (2009)Examine the role and importance of fear and suspicion in the development of the Cold War between 1953 and 1975. (2009) In what ways were social and gender issues affected by the Cold War in two countries, each chosen from a different region? (2009) Why did the Cold War spread from Europe to other parts of the world after 1950? (2009) Evaluate the role of the policies of the United States in the origins of the Cold War between 1945 and 1949. (2010) Compare and contrast the role of two leaders, each chosen from a different region, in the development of the Cold War between 1953 and 1964. (2010)Why did détente develop between 1969 and 1979? (2010) Analyse the impact of Afghanistan (1979–1988) on the development of the Cold War. (2010) “The Cold War came to an end primarily because of Gorbachev’s changes in Soviet policies.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? (2010)Evaluate the impact of the Cold War on the culture of two countries, each chosen from a different region. (2010) Compare and contrast the roles of Truman and Stalin in the breakdown of East–West relations. (N 2010) Assess the impact of either the Vietnam War (1964–1975) or the Afghanistan War (1979–1988) on the development of the Cold War. (N 2010) For what reasons, and with what results, did the Sino–Soviet split influence the Cold War? (N 2010) “The US and the USSR were successful in their efforts to maintain their spheres of influence between 1950 and 1962.” To what extent do you agree with this assertion? (N 2010) To what extent was the breakdown of the Soviet Union by 1991 due to economic causes? (N 2010)Analyse the social and economic impact of the Cold War on two countries, each chosen from a different region. (N 2010) For what reasons, and to what extent, did the Yalta Conference of February 1945 contribute to the origins of the Cold War? (2011) Compare and contrast the effects of peaceful coexistence during the 1950s and 1960s in any two countries. (2011) “The events in Cuba during 1962 were the most evident display of brinkmanship.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? (2011) Analyse the role of Vietnam in the development of the Cold War between 1964 and 1975. (2011) To what extent did events in Eastern European countries contribute to the end of the Cold War? (2011) With reference to one country, discuss the social impact of the Cold War between 1953 and 1964. (2011) “The Potsdam Conference marked the end of the wartime alliance and laid the foundations for post-war hostility.” With reference to the period up to 1949, to what extent do you agree with this statement? (N2011) With reference to two countries, each chosen from a different region (excluding the US or the USSR), assess the social and economic impact of the Cold War. In what ways, and with what success, did the US and the USSR attempt to reduce Cold War tensions between 1956 and 1979? (N2011) For what reasons, and with what results, did the Cold War affect the Middle East between 1956 and 1979? (N2011)Compare and contrast the impact of two of the following leaders on the Cold War: Mao; Castro; Kennedy. (N2011) To what extent did (a) ideological and (b) economic factors contribute to the ending of the Cold War? (N2011)Topic 3: Origins and developments of authoritarian and single-party statesThe 20th century produced many authoritarian and single-party states. The origins, ideology, form of government, organization, nature and impact of these regimes should be studied.?Major themesOrigins and nature of authoritarian and single-party states- Conditions that produced authoritarian and single-party states- Emergence of leaders: aims, ideology, support- Totalitarianism: the aim and extent to which it was achievedEstablishment of authoritarian and single party states- Methods: force, legal- Form of government, (left and right wing) ideology- Nature, extent and treatment of oppositionDomestic policies and impact- Structure and organization of government and administration- Political, economic, social and religious policies- Role of education, the arts, the media, propaganda?- Status of women, treatment of religious groups and minoritiesMaterial for detailed study?Europe: USSR – Stalin, (Lenin - not named)Europe: Hitler-- (Mussolini - not named)Asia: China-- Mao ZedongAmericas: Cuba-- CastroTopic 3: The Rise and the rule of Single Party StatesAnalyze the conditions that led to the establishment of two single party states each chosen from a different region.How and why have religious groups a) opposed, and b) supported single party regimes?Assess the success and failure of two rulers of single party regimes, each chosen from a different region, in solving the social and economic problems of their countries.To what extent was the success of Stalin in retaining power in the USSR between 1929 and 1953 due to the appeal of Communism?Examine the impact outside their own countries of two of the following: Fidel Castro, Gamel Abdel Nasser, Julius Nyerere, Mao Zedong.Analyse the conditions that enabled one left-wing leader to become the ruler of a single-party state.Discuss (a) the ideology of, and (b) the support for, one right-wing ruler of a single-party pare and contrast the domestic policies of two of the following: Castro; Kenyatta; Stalin.Examine the role of education in one single-party or authoritarian state.In what ways, and to what extent, was propaganda important in the rise and rule of Hitler?To what extent is it true to say that a successful economic policy is the most important factor for a single party ruler to remain in power? Examples should be given from two countries each chosen from a different pare and contrast the foreign policies of two rulers of single party states, each chosen from a different region.To what extent was Hitler a) responsible for-- and b) driven by ideological beliefs of Nazism?How far would you agree that single party states have been more interested in controlling the minds of young people than in providing genuine education?“Promises of improved social and economic conditions win more support for would-be single party rulers than ideological pronouncements.” How far do you agree with this claim?Compare and contrast the organization of one Communist state with one Fascist state.Analyze the methods by which either Castro or Stalin maintained his position as ruler of a single party state.Evaluate the attempts of two rulers of single party states, each chosen from a different region, to control and use the media.“Single party states use education as propaganda to obtain support rather than to instill (increase) knowledge.” How far do you agree with this judgment?In what ways and for what reasons did China develop its own brand of Marxism/Communism under Mao Zedong?How far is it true to say that a successful foreign policy is the most important factor for a single party ruler to remain in power? Examples should be given from two countries each chosen from a different region.“In the twentieth century right-wing single party states have often been the result of a conservative reaction to change whilst the left-wing single party states have achieved power as the outcome of a revolutionary process against tradition.” Using examples from at least two regions explain how far you agree with this quotation.In what ways and for what reasons did rulers of single party states play an important role in world affairs between 1917 and 1945?Identify the main principles of Communism and assess how far these principles were put into practice by one Communist rule between 1900 and 1990.Account for the rise to power and longevity of the rule of either Fidel Castro in Cuba or Julius Nyerere in Tanzania.Assess the contributions of organizational and leadership qualities in maintaining power two single party rulers, each chosen from a different region.Analyze the role and status of women in two of the following: Maoist China, Nazi Germany, Peronist Argentina.“In order to achieve and retain power a leader of a single-party state needed to be ruthless, blind to human suffering, and yet charismatic.” To what extent do you agree with this assertion?In what ways, and for what reasons, did the aims and policies of two or more right wing rulers of single party states differ?Examine the role of education and/or the arts in two single party states, each chosen from a different region. ................
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