A Framework for Constructing End User Oriented Service …

[Pages:201]A Framework for Constructing End User Oriented Service Mashups

A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities

2016 Sumaira Minhas Manchester Business School

A Framework for Improving End-User Orientation of Service Mashups

Contents

Glossary ............................................................................................................................................ 11 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 13 Declaration ..................................................................................................................................... 14 Copyright ......................................................................................................................................... 15 Dedication ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................... 16 Chapter 1.......................................................................................................................................... 17 1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................17

1.1. Motivation ....................................................................................................................................17 1.2. Problem statement, Challenges and Research Questions.........................................21

1.2.1 Research Challenges .......................................................................................................21 1.2.2 Research Questions.........................................................................................................23 1.3. Research Methodology ........................................................................................................24 1.4. Research Contributions ..........................................................................................................27 1.4.1 A Model for the Classification of mashup tools ...................................................27 1.4.2 Goal-Oriented Mashup Development (GO-MaDe) Framework.....................27 1.4.3 Empirical Validation .......................................................................................................29 1.5. Thesis Outline .............................................................................................................................29 Chapter 2.......................................................................................................................................... 32 2. Background and Literature Review .............................................................................. 32 2.1. End -User Development..........................................................................................................32 2.1.1 Defining End Users..........................................................................................................33 2.1.2 Goal of End User Development...................................................................................34 2.1.3 Motivating Factors of End User Development.....................................................36 2.2. Web Services and Services Oriented Computing (SOC) ............................................37

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A Framework for Improving End-User Orientation of Service Mashups

2.3. Service-Oriented Applications, Web 2.0 and Semantic Web ...................................39 2.4. Mashup Based Application Development-A new Trend in EUD Driven by Services Oriented Computing .............................................................................................................40

2.4.1 Tool-assisted Mashup Development: Surveys and Evaluations ...................40 2.4.2 Classifying End-User Mashup Development Issues...........................................42 2.5. Goal Oriented Mashup Development ................................................................................44 2.5.1 Suitability of Goal Based Methods for End-User Mashup Development...44 2.5.2 Goal-Based Methods in Services Oriented Computing.....................................45 2.5.3 Existing Goal Based Methods ......................................................................................47 2.5.4 Recommendation for Selecting a Goal-Based Method......................................48 2.6. Meta Design..................................................................................................................................54 2.7. The Domain Theory..................................................................................................................56 2.8. WSMO Goals.................................................................................................................................57 2.9. Discussion.....................................................................................................................................59 Chapter 3.......................................................................................................................................... 61 3. A Classification Model for Mashup tools.....................................................................61 3.1. Motivation ....................................................................................................................................61 3.2. Characterizing Mashup Development Support.............................................................63 3.2.1 Range of Support for Mashup Development.........................................................64 3.2.2 General Classification.....................................................................................................66 3.3. A 3-Dimensional Model for Mashup Platforms .............................................................68 3.3.1 First Dimension: Mashup Design Features ...........................................................69 3.3.2 Second Dimension: Usability Features....................................................................71 3.3.3 Third Dimension: Technical Features .....................................................................72 3.4. Analysis and Discussion..........................................................................................................76 3.4.1 Selection of the Tools .....................................................................................................76 3.4.2 General Classification:....................................................................................................76 3.4.3 Dimensional Analysis .....................................................................................................77 3.5. Discussion.....................................................................................................................................79

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A Framework for Improving End-User Orientation of Service Mashups

Chapter 4.......................................................................................................................................... 81 4. The Goal Oriented Mashup Development (GO-MaDe) Framework................................81

4.1. Redefining the Mashup Development Lifecycle............................................................81 4.2. Why a New Framework? ........................................................................................................83 4.3. Components of GO-MaDe Mashup Development Framework................................87

4.3.1 Mashup development Lifecycle and process model..........................................87 4.3.2 Knowledge Acquisition and Representation in Mashups (KAReM): A Domain Theory Based Goal Modelling Method ......................................................................89 4.3.3 Domain ontology..............................................................................................................89 4.3.4 WSMO Goals .......................................................................................................................90 4.4. The Spiral Mashup Development Process Model.........................................................90 4.4.1. Redefining the Mashup Process: A Spiral Mashup Development Process Model91 4.4.2. Detailed Activity Diagram......................................................................................................94 4.4.3. Phases of the Spiral Mashup Development Process Model......................................99 4.5. Discussion.................................................................................................................................. 104 Chapter 5....................................................................................................................................... 106 5. Knowledge Acquisition and Representation in Mashups (KAReM): A Domain Theory Based Goal Modelling Method ............................................................................... 106 5.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................... 106 5.2 Theoretical Foundations of KAReM ................................................................................ 108 5.3 Conceptual Model of KAReM.............................................................................................. 109 5.4 Meta, and Domain Levels..................................................................................................... 111 5.5 Goal Model Overview ............................................................................................................ 112 5.6 Goal Types ................................................................................................................................. 112 5.6.1 Goal Structure................................................................................................................. 113 5.6.2 Goal Templates and Goal Instances....................................................................... 114 5.7 Syntactic Goal Templates .................................................................................................... 115 5.7.1 Mashup Type Goal Templates.................................................................................. 115 5.7.2 Presentation Mashup with Plain Data Selection .............................................. 116

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A Framework for Improving End-User Orientation of Service Mashups

5.7.3 Goal Template for Presentation Mashup with Data Manipulation/Projection .............................................................................................................. 117

5.8 Generic Goal Templates ....................................................................................................... 119

5.8.1 Generic Tasks as Domain Independent Goal Graph ....................................... 119

5.9 Meta-Domain Goal Templates based on Generalized Tasks................................. 121

5.9.1 Task

Personalization/ Multimedia Mashups based on Modelling Generalized 123

5.9.2 Travelling Mashups based on Navigation Generalized Task ...................... 124

5.9.3 Task

Meeting/Planning Mashups based on Planning/Scheduling Generalized 125

5.9.4 Information Mashups based on Information Extraction Generalized Task126

5.10 KAReM Tool Architecture ................................................................................................... 127

5.10.1 System Components .................................................................................................... 129

5.10.2 Mashup Profiler ............................................................................................................. 130

5.10.3 Mashup Template Manager ...................................................................................... 131

5.10.4 Goal Graph Builder ....................................................................................................... 132

5.10.5 Goal Specification Generator.................................................................................... 135

5.11 Case Studies: ............................................................................................................................. 136

5.11.1 Data Mashup Example Scenario.............................................................................. 136

5.12 Discussion.................................................................................................................................. 144

Chapter 6....................................................................................................................................... 145

6. Empirical Evaluation ....................................................................................................... 145

6.1. Research Methodology......................................................................................................... 145

6.2. Experiment Design................................................................................................................. 147

6.3. Evaluation Criteria ................................................................................................................. 150

6.3.1. Completion Rates .......................................................................................................... 150

6.3.2. Usability Problems (UI Problems) encountered (with or without severity ratings) 151

6.3.3. Task Time......................................................................................................................... 151

6.3.4. Task Level Satisfaction ............................................................................................... 151

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A Framework for Improving End-User Orientation of Service Mashups 6.3.5. Test Level Satisfaction ................................................................................................ 151 6.3.6. Errors................................................................................................................................. 151 6.3.7. Custom Metrics .............................................................................................................. 152 6.4. Results and Analysis.............................................................................................................. 152 6.4.1. Initial Observations...................................................................................................... 153 6.4.2. Detailed Analysis........................................................................................................... 154 6.5. Guidelines and Conclusions based on Results............................................................ 165 6.6. Discussion.................................................................................................................................. 166 Chapter 7....................................................................................................................................... 168 7. Summary and Conclusions ............................................................................................ 168 7.1. Thesis Summary...................................................................................................................... 168 7.1.1. Challenges Addressed and Goals ............................................................................ 169 7.1.2. Contributions.................................................................................................................. 170 7.1.3. Limitations and Future Directions......................................................................... 173 References.................................................................................................................................... 175 Appendix....................................................................................................................................... 191 Scenarios................................................................................................................................................... 193 Control Exercise..................................................................................................................................... 194 Feedback Forms .................................................................................................................................... 195 Feedback Form 1................................................................................................................................... 196 Feedback Form 2................................................................................................................................... 200

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A Framework for Improving End-User Orientation of Service Mashups

List of Tables

Table 2.1 - Web Services Motivational Factors ..................................................................... 38 Table 2.2 - End User Mashup Development Challenges .......................................................43 Table 2.3 - Comparison of I*, Tropos and KAOS....................................................................48 Table 3.1 - Classification of tools w.r.t. level of mashup support ........................................ 65 Table 3.2 - General Classification of Selected Mashup Platforms.........................................66 Table 3.3 - The Evaluation Based on the Classification Model.............................................74 Table 3.4 - Legends for Classification Table and Mashing Techniques Table........................75 Table 3.5 - Analysis of Mashing Techniques..........................................................................75 Table 4.1 - The Conception Phase ....................................................................................... 103 Table 4.2 - The Translation Phase.......................................................................................104 Table 5.1 - KAReM supporting different Levels of End Users and Complexity of Goal Templates ............................................................................................................................ 107 Table 5.2 - A Summary of Goal Derivation Strategies ......................................................... 134 Table 5.3 - Setting the Ojective ........................................................................................... 137 Table 5.4 - Parameters List at Step 1 ................................................................................... 137 Table 5.5 - Goal Strategies at Step 2.................................................................................... 138 Table 5.6 - Goal Strategies at Step 3.................................................................................... 139 Table 5.7 - Goal Strategies at Step 4.................................................................................... 140 Table 6.1 - Experiment Setup .............................................................................................. 148 Table 6.2 - Snapshot of Participants and Task Data ............................................................ 152 Table 6.3 - Feedback Form 2 - Mean to Calculate Knowledge Clarity ................................ 158 Table 6.4 - Mean Value for Knowledge Helpful...................................................................160 Table 6.5 - Mean Value for Knowledge Comprehension - Feedback Form 2 ...................... 160 Table 6.6 ? Mashup Perception, Task Level and Test Level Satisfaction-Feedback Form 2 163 Table 6.7 - Requirments and Goals Findings ....................................................................... 165

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A Framework for Improving End-User Orientation of Service Mashups

List of Figures

Figure 1.1 - Research Methodology ...................................................................................... 24 Figure 1.2 ? Workflow of the Research Process (steps 1-3).................................................. 26 Figure 2.1 - EUD and its Relationship with Related Frameworks .......................................... 33 Figure 2.2 ? Goal of End-User Development (Fischer et al. 2004) ........................................ 35 Figure 2.3 - Motivating Factors for EUD ................................................................................ 36 Figure 2.4 - Level of Support provided by KAOS, I* and TROPOS in Traditional Software Development ......................................................................................................................... 49 Figure 2.5 - Prominent Role of Service Requirements in SOC ............................................... 51 Figure 3.1 - Growth in Web APIs since 2005 (Programmable Web Research Centre, 2013) 63 Figure 3.2 - Classification of Support Available for Mashup Development...........................64 Figure 3.3 - The 3D Model for Evaluating Mashup Tools and Frameworks .......................... 69 Figure 4.1 ? The Goal Oriented Mashup Development (GO-MaDe) Framework Components ............................................................................................................................................... 81 Figure 4.2 - Mashup Development Scenario Using the Proposed GO-MaDe Approach ....... 85 Figure 4.3 ?Redefined Mashup Development Lifecycle in the proposed GO-MaDe framework ............................................................................................................................. 88 Figure 4.4 ? The Activity Model of the Proposed Spiral Process...........................................93 Figure 4.5 - A visualization of the conception phase.............................................................95 Figure 4.6 ? Spiral Mashup Development Process ................................................................ 97 Figure 4.7 - (a) Proposed Vs. Existing Mashup Development Lifecycle (b) Iterative Process ............................................................................................................................................. 102 Figure 5.1 ? Schema of Proposed method .......................................................................... 110 Figure 5.2 ? Conceptual Model- Meta and Domain Levels ................................................. 111 Figure 5.3 ? Goal Meta Model.............................................................................................112 Figure 5.4 ? Goal Types Defined in the Method..................................................................113

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