Zimmerman AP Biology CBHS South Notes / Questions ...

[Pages:11]Zimmerman AP Biology CBHS South Name _________________________ Chapter 7&8 Guided Reading Assignment

1) What is resolving power and why is it important in biology?

Adapted from L. Miriello by S. Sharp

Notes / Questions / Comments

2) How does an electron microscope work and what is the difference between a scanning and transmission electron microscope?

3) Describe the process and purpose of cell fractionation.

4) All Cells have:

A.

B.

C.

D.

5) Label the prokaryotic cell below ? list structure and function.

6) Why is surface area to volume such an important concept as it applies to the size of a cell?

1 Borrowed and modified by R. Zimmerman from 9/13/2009

7) For each of the structures below ? note the specific structure and the function of the organelle or part of the organelle. The important concept is to note how the specific structure allows for the specific function to be accomplished.

Nucleus

Adapted from L. Miriello by S. Sharp

Notes / Questions / Comments

Nuclear envelope

Nuclear lamina

Chromosomes

Chromatin

Nucleolus

Ribosomes Made up of _________________ and ________________; 2 subunits (pg. 117) No membrane

Free ribosomes Bound ribosomes

Can shift between roles (bound/free) Endomembrane System

- All parts are connected either directly or via vesicles Includes:

- ER ? Endoplasmic Reticulum - Made up of cisternae - Connected to the

____________________________ - Function

- Smooth ER

2 Borrowed and modified by R. Zimmerman from 9/13/2009

Adapted from L. Miriello by S. Sharp

Lacks _____________________ Functions: Synthesizes ____________ (ex.

____________________________) Detoxifies: Metabolizes:

Notes / Questions / Comments

- Rough ER

- Lined with ________________________ - Makes __________________________ (ex.

pancreas secretes ____________) - Usually _____________________ (polypeptides

connected to short polysaccharides) - Membrane factory (ex. phospholipids)

Golgi

Flat membrane sacs Function:

Modifies ... "Cis" face = "Trans" face = they are modified during the move from the ________ to the ________ Golgi can manufacture its own macromolecules too; sometimes it adds "tags" (ex. phosphate groups)

Lysosomes Description Not in _________________ Massive leakage can destroy the cell Some bud from the ___________________ (made by the rough ER)

Role in

Vacuoles Larger than vesicles; diverse functions: Food vacuoles Contractile vacuoles

3 Borrowed and modified by R. Zimmerman from 9/13/2009

Adapted from L. Miriello by S. Sharp

Central vacuole

Tonoplast = ER Golgi budding (ex. lysosomes)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------End of Endomembrane System

Notes / Questions / Comments

Other Organelles ENERGY TRANSFORMERS Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Energy transformers Membranes are made by ... Contain a small amount of DNA Are dynamic can move, divide and change shape Mitochondria Site of ___________________________________ ________________________ membrane; inner folded (increases ___________ _______________________); the folds are called ______________________ Cells high in metabolic activity = many mitochondria Mitochondrial Matrix Chloroplasts Site of __________________________ Example of a plastid Definition: Amyloplasts Chromoplasts 2 membranes Thylakoid Grana Stroma Peroxisomes

Produces____________________ as metabolic byproduct, but then breaks it down Helps in liver detoxifies alcohol (transfers H from poison to oxygen)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cytoskeleton

Function

4 Borrowed and modified by R. Zimmerman from 9/13/2009

Structure Anchors/moves ___________________________ Can dismantle and reassemble = changes the shape of the cell Movement

Moves ________________________ and _____________________ by allowing cytoskeleton components to slide past each other Fig. 7.21 ? pg. 126 Components of Cytoskeleton (3) Microtubules Thick, hollow, made by adding/removing _______________________ (protein)

Centrosomes

Controls the beating of the cilia and flagella Cilia and Flagella Structure "9+2" pattern

Anchored in the cell by a ___________________________ Cilia Flagella Moving Cilia and Flagella

bend cilia and flagella Fig. 7.25 ? pg. 130 Fig. 7.24 ? pg. 129 Microfilaments (Actin filaments) Thin, solid rods of actin, twisted double chain Functions pg. 131

Adapted from L. Miriello by S. Sharp

5 Borrowed and modified by R. Zimmerman from 9/13/2009

Cytoplasmic streaming

Intermediate Filaments Diverse functions More permanent Build from a protein called _______________________________ Reinforce cell shape and fix organelle location

dynein walking

Cell Surfaces and Junctions Plant Cells Cell Walls Functions Structure Primary Cell Wall Middle Lamella

Adapted from L. Miriello by S. Sharp

Notes / Questions / Comments

Secondary Cell Wall Plasmodesmata

Animal Cells ECM (Extracellular Matrix) Support the animal cell Made of mostly _______________________________ which are secreted by the cells Types of glycoproteins: Collagen = Proteoglycans = Fibronectins = Integrins connect the ECM to the cytoskeleton (outside connected to inside) ECM can influence activity of genes in the nucleus using ______________________ and ______________________ signaling pathways Intracellular Junctions in Animal Cells Neighboring cells communicate through these junctions 3 main types:

6 Borrowed and modified by R. Zimmerman from 9/13/2009

Tight junctions

Desmosomes (anchoring junctions)

Gap Junctions (communicating junctions) Salt ions, sugar, AA's, and other small molecules can pass through. Important in embryo development chemical communication

Chapter 8 ? Cell Membranes

1. Extracellular matrix

Adapted from L. Miriello by S. Sharp

Notes / Questions / Comments

1)

2. Collagen

3. Proteoglycans

4. Fibronectin

5. Integrins

6. What are intercellular junctions and why are they important?

7. Contrast plasmodesmata, tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.

8. What does selective permeability mean and why is that important to cells?

7 Borrowed and modified by R. Zimmerman from 9/13/2009

9) What is an amphipathic molecule?

10) What were the ideas concerning the plasma membrane models below:

A) Gorter and Grendel

Adapted from L. Miriello by S. Sharp

Notes / Questions / Comments

B) Davson and Danielli

C) Singer and Nicolson

11) Describe the freeze fracture technique and why is it useful in cell biology.

12) How is the fluidity of cell membrane's maintained?

13) Label the diagram below ? for each structure ? briefly list its function:

8 Borrowed and modified by R. Zimmerman from 9/13/2009

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