English Pronouncing Dictionary - Assets

English Pronouncing Dictionary

published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge cb2 1rp, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Buiding, Cambridge cb2 2ru, United Kingdom 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011?4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarc?n 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa Visit our website at Email comments about this book to epd@cup.cam.ac.uk

? Cambridge University Press, 2003

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

Entries we have reason to believe constitute trademarks only have been labelled as such. However, neither the presence nor absence of such labels should be regarded as affecting the legal status of any trademark.

First published by J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd 1917

First published by Cambridge University Press 1991 This edition published 2003

Printed in Italy by G. Canale & C. S.p.A

Typeface Times Phonetic IPA 7/9 pt. System QuarkXPress? [uph]

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data applied for

isbn 0 521 81693 9 hardback isbn 0 521 01712 2 paperback isbn 0 521 01713 0 paperback & CD-ROM isbn 3 12 539683 2 Klett paperback & CD-ROM isbn 3 12 539684 0 Klett paperback

Contents

Editors' preface to the 16th edition

iv

Introduction

v

Part 1: Introduction to the English Pronouncing Dictionary

v

1.1 What is the English Pronouncing Dictionary?

v

1.2 Whose pronunciation is represented?

v

1.3 How are the pronunciations chosen?

vi

1.4 Regional accents

vi

1.5 Pronunciation of foreign words

vi

1.6 Usage notes

vii

1.7 Syllable divisions

vii

Part 2: Principles of transcription

viii

2.1 The phoneme principle

viii

2.2 Vowels and diphthongs

viii

2.3 Consonants

x

2.4 Non-English sounds

xi

2.5 Stress

xii

2.6 Syllable divisions

xiii

2.7 Assimilation

xiii

2.8 Treatment of /r/

xiv

2.9 Use of /i/ and /u/

xiv

2.10 Syllabic consonants

xiv

2.11 Optional sounds

xv

2.12 Elision

xv

Part 3: Explanatory notes

xvi

References in introduction

xviii

List of recommended reading

xviii

The International Phonetic Alphabet

xx

Index of Information Panels

xxi

The dictionary

1

iii

a ? Abdulla(h)

Pronouncing the letter A

See also AE, AEO, AI/AY, AU/AW

The vowel letter a has two main strong pronunciations linked to spelling:a`short'pronunciation /Q/ and a`long' pronunciation /eI/. In the`short'pronunciation,the a is usually followed by a consonant which closes the syllable,

or a double consonant before another vowel,e.g.:

tap

/tQp/

tapping /?tQp.IN/

The`long'pronunciation usually means the a is followed by a single consonant and then a vowel,e.g.:

tape /teIp/ taping /?teI.pIN/

When there is an r in the spelling,the strong pronunciation is

one of three possibilities:/A U Ar/,/e? U er/ or /Q U e, Q/, e.g.:

car

/kAr /

care

/ke?r /

carry /kQr.i/

U /kAr/ U /ker/ U /ker.i, kQr.i/

In addition

There are other vowel sounds associated with the letter a, e.g.:

/A/

father

/A U Q/ bath

/? U A/ swan /? U A, ?/ walk

warm

/?fA.D?r / /bAT/ /sw?n/ /w?k/ /w?m/

U /?fA.D`/ U /bQT/ U /swAn/ U /wAk/ U /w?rm/

And,in rare cases:

/e/

many /?men.i/

In weak syllables

The vowel letter a is realised with the vowels /?/ and /I/ in weak syllables,and may also not be pronounced at all in British English,due to compression,e.g.:

above village necessary

/??bv/ /?vIl.IdZ/ /?nes.?.sri/

U /-ser.i/

a indefinite article: strong form: eI weak form:

Note: Weak form word. The strong form /eI/ is used mainly for contrast

(e.g. `This is a solution, but not the

only one.'). The weak form only

occurs before consonants, and is usually pronounced //. In rapid speech, when // is preceded by a

consonant, it may combine with a following /l/, /n/ or /r/ to produce a

syllabic consonant (e.g. `got a light' / t.l aIt U t. laIt/; `get another' / et.n ?.r U - /). a (A) the letter: eI -'s -z A-1 eI w n stress shift: A-1 con dition A4 eI f r U - f r stress shift: A4 paper AA eI eI stress shift: AA pat rol Aachen .kn aah Aalborg l.b U l.b r, laardvark d.v k U rd.v rk -s -s aardwol|f d.wlf U rd- -ves -vz Aarhus .hs U r-, rAaron e.rn U er.n, rab- b-, bNote: Prefix. Examples include abnegate / b.nI.eIt/, in which it is stressed, and abduct /b d kt/,

where it is unstressed. ab (A) b AB eI bi Abacha b t. U -b taback b k

Abaco b..k U -ko abacus b..ks -es -Iz Abadan b. d n, - d n Abaddon b d.n abaft b ft U - b ft abalone b. l.ni U - loabandon b n.dn -s -z -ing -I -ed -d

-ment -mnt ? bas b U -, abas|e beIs -es -Iz -ing -I -ed -t

-ement -mnt abash b -es -Iz -ing -I -ed -t abatab|le beI.t.bl U -t- -ly -li a|bate beIt -bates - beIts -bating

- beI.tI U - beI.tI -bated - beI.tId U - beI.tId -batement/s - beIt.mnt/s abat(t)is b..tIs, -ti U -.tIs, b t.Is -es b..tI.sIz U -tI-, b t.I.sIz alternative plur.:

b..ti z U -ti z, b t.i z abattoir b..tw r U -tw r, -tw r

-s -z abaxial b k.si.l, b kAbba b. abbac|y b..si -ies -iz Abbado b .d U -o Abbas b.s, b s Abbassid, Abbasid b s.Id -s -z abb? b.eI U b.eI, - - -s -z abbess b.es, -Is U -s -es -Iz Abbeville in France: b.vi l

U b vi l in US: b.I.vIl abbey (A) b.i -s -z Abbie b.i

abbot (A) b.t -s -s Abbotsford b.ts.fd U -f d abbotship b.t.Ip -s -s Abbott b.t -s -s Abbott and

Cos tello

abbrevi|ate bri .vi.eIt -ates -eIts -ating -eI.tI U -eI.tI -ated -eI.tId U -eI.tId -ator/s -eI.tr/z U -eI.t /z

abbreviation bri .vi eI.n -s -z abbreviatory bri .vi..tri,

bri .vi eI.tr.i U bri .vi..t r.i

Abbs bz

Abby b.i

abc, ABC eI.bi si -'s -z Abdera b dI.r U - dIr. abdicant b.dI.knt -s -s abdi|cate b.dI.keIt -cates -keIts

-cating -keI.tI U -keI.tI -cated -keI.tId U -keI.tId -cator/s -keI.tr/z U -keI.t /z abdication b.dI keI.n -s -z Abdiel b.dIl U -di.l abdomen b.d.mn, -men;

b d.mn U b.d.mn,

b do- -s -z abdominal b dm.I.nl, b-,

- d.mI- U - d .m- -ly -i abducent b dju .snt, b- U - du -,

- dju abduct b d kt, b- -s -s -ing -I

-ed -Id -or/s -r/z U - /z abduction b d k.n, b- -s -z Abdul b.dl

Abdulla(h) b d l., b-, - dl-

1

Abe ? -able

Abbreviations

The pronunciation of individual abbreviations is not predictable and must be treated on a word-by-word basis.

Examples

Some good examples of abbreviations which are spoken in full are to be found in titles used for people,e.g.:

Mr

/?mIs.t?r/

Mrs

/?mIs.Iz/

Dr

/?d?k.t?r/

Esq

/Is?kwaI?r/

U /-t`/

U /?dAk.t`/ U /?es.kwaI`/

However,in some cases,an abbreviation may be pronounced the way it is written,e.g.:

Bros. (Brothers) des res (desirable residence)

/?brD.?z/, /br?s/ U /?brD.`z/

/?dez?rez/

Some words or phrases are abbreviated to initial letters. In this case,the item may be pronounced as the initial letters,or in full. This is not the same as an ACRONYM,in which the letters are pronounced as a word (see,for example, NATO),e.g.:

MS (multiple sclerosis; manuscript)

/?em?es/

NBA (National Basketball Association) /?en.bi?eI/

UCLA (University of California Los Angeles) /?ju.si.el?eI/

Abbreviations derived from Latin words and phrases are common,but do not all follow the same pattern,some being pronounced in full,some as letters,and some as they are spelt, e.g.:

e.g.(exempli gratia) /?i?dZi/

et al (et alia)

/et?Ql/

etc.(et cetera)

/It?set.?r.?/

i.e.(id est)

/?aI?i/

U /-?Al/ U /-?set. `-/

Abe eIb abeam bi m abecedarian eI.bi .si de.ri.n

U - der.i? Becket bek.It abed bed Abednego b.ed ni .,

bed.nI. U -o Abel eI.bl Abelard b..l d, -I- U -l rd Abelmeholah eI.bl.mi h.l, -m -

U - hoAbenaki b. n k.i U .b n .ki,

b. -, - n k.i -s -z Aberavon b. r v.n U - vAbercanaid b. k n.aId U - Abercarn b. k n U - k rn Aberconway b. kn.weI U - k nAberconwy b. kn.wi U - k nAbercorn b..k n U - .k rn Abercrombie, Abercromby

b..krm.bi, -kr m-, b. krm.bi, - kr mU - .kr m-, - kr mAberdare b. der U - der Aberdeen b. di n U - - -shire -r, - Ir U - , - Ir stress shift:

Aberdeen station

Aberdonian b. d.ni.n U - do- -s -z

Aberdour b. dar U - da Aberdovey b. d v.i U - Aberfan b. v n U - Abergavenny place: b.. ven.i

U - - family name: b. en.i

U- Abergele b. el.i U - Aberkenfig b. ken.fI U - -

Abernathy b. n .i U b. .n Abernethy b. ne.i, - ni .i

U b. ne.i aberran|t b er.nt, ber-;

b..rnt -ce -ts -cy -t.si aber|rate b..reIt -rates -reIts

-rating -reI.tI U -reI.tI -rated -reI.tId U -reI.tId aberration b. reI.n -s -z Abersychan b. sIk.n U - Abert eI.b t, -bt U -b t, -b t Abertillery b..tI le.ri, -t U - .t ler.i Abertridwr b. trId.r U -r Aberystwyth b. rIs.twI a|bet bet -bets - bets -betting - bet.I U - bet.I -betted - bet.Id U - bet.Id -bettor/s - bet.r/z U - bet. /z -betment - bet.mnt abeyance beI.nts abhor b h r, b r U b h r, b- -s -z -ring -I -red -d -rer/s -r/z U - /z abhorren|ce b hr.nts, brU b h r-, b- -t -t Abia biblical name: baI. city: b.i. Abiathar baI..r U - abid|e baId -es -z -ing -I -ed -Id abode bd U - bod Abidjan b.i d n, -I abigail (A) b.I.eIl -s -z Abilene in Syria: b.I li .ni, - - in US:

b..li n

abilit|y bIl..ti, -I.ti U -.ti -ies -iz -ability - bIl..ti, -I.ti U -.ti

Note: Suffix. Words containing -ability

always exhibit primary stress as

shown above, e.g. capability

/ keI.p bIl..ti U -.ti/.

Abimelech bIm..lek Abingdon b.I.dn Abinger b.In.dr U -d Abington b.I.tn ab initio b.I nI.i., - -, - nIs-

U -o abiogenesis eI.baI. den..sIs, -I-

U -o Abiola b.i .l U - oabiotic eI.baI t.Ik U - .tIk abject b.dekt U b.dekt, - -

-ly -li -ness -ns, -nIs abjection b dek.n abjudi|cate b du .dI.keIt, b-

U -d- -cates -keIts -cating -keI.tI U -keI.tI -cated -keI.tId U -keI.tId abjuration b.d reI.n, -d -, -d - U -d -, -d - -s -z abjur|e b dr, b-, - d r U - dr -es -z -ing -I -ed -d -er/s -r/z U - /z ablat|e bleIt, b leIt, b leIt -es -s -ing -I U b leI.tI -ed -Id U b leI.tId ablation bleI.n, b leI- U bablatival b.l taI.vl ablative b.l.tIv U -tIv -s -z ablaut b.lat -s -s ablaze bleIz ab|le eI.bl -ler -l.r, -lr U -l. , -l -lest -l.st, -lst, -l.Ist, -lIst -ly -l.i, -li -able -.bl

Note: Suffix. Does not normally affect

stress patterning, e.g. knowledge

/ nl.Id U n .lId/,

knowledgeable / nl.I.d.bl U n .lI-/; rely /rI laI/, reliable /rI laI..bl/. In some cases, however,

2

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