Contents at a Glance

[Pages:6]COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL

Contents at a Glance

Introduction.................................................................................1

Part I: Building Blocks of the Body ...............................................5

Chapter 1: The Chemistry of Life ...............................................................................................................7 Chapter 2: The Cell: Life's Basic Building Block .....................................................................................23 Chapter 3: Divide and Conquer: Cellular Mitosis ...................................................................................37 Chapter 4: The Study of Tissues: Histology ............................................................................................47

Part II: Weaving It Together: Bones, Muscles, and Skin.................59

Chapter 5: A Scaffold to Build On: The Skeleton ....................................................................................61 Chapter 6: Getting in Gear: The Muscles.................................................................................................93 Chapter 7: It's Skin Deep: The Integumentary System.........................................................................113

Part III: Feed and Fuel: Supply and Transport ............................127

Chapter 8: Oxygenating the Machine: The Respiratory System ........................................................129 Chapter 9: Fueling the Functions: The Digestive System ....................................................................143 Chapter 10: Spreading the Love: The Circulatory System ..................................................................163 Chapter 11: Keeping Up Your Defenses: The Lymphatic System .......................................................181 Chapter 12: Filtering Out the Junk: The Urinary System.....................................................................195

Part IV: Survival of the Species .................................................205

Chapter 13: Why Ask Y?: The Male Reproductive System ..................................................................207 Chapter 14: Carrying Life Forward: The Female Reproductive System ............................................219

Part V: Mission Control: All Systems Go .....................................235

Chapter 15: Feeling Jumpy: The Nervous System................................................................................237 Chapter 16: Raging Hormones: The Endocrine System.......................................................................265

Part VI: The Part of Tens...........................................................281

Chapter 17: Ten Study Tips .....................................................................................................................283 Chapter 18: Ten (Plus One) Terrific Online Resources........................................................................287

Index.......................................................................................291

Table of Contents

Introduction .................................................................................1

About This Book.........................................................................................................................1 Conventions Used in This Book ...............................................................................................1 Foolish Assumptions .................................................................................................................2 How This Book Is Organized.....................................................................................................2

Part I: Building Blocks of the Body ................................................................................2 Part II: Weaving It Together: Bones, Muscles, and Skin...............................................2 Part III: Feed and Fuel: Supply and Transport ..............................................................3 Part IV: Survival of the Species.......................................................................................3 Part V: Mission Control: All Systems Go........................................................................3 Part VI: The Part of Tens .................................................................................................3 Icons Used in This Book............................................................................................................3 Where to Go from Here..............................................................................................................4

Part I: Building Blocks of the Body ................................................5

Chapter 1: The Chemistry of Life ..........................................................................................7

Building from Scratch: Atoms and Elements ..........................................................................7 Compounding Chemical Reactions........................................................................................10 Cycling through Life: Metabolism ..........................................................................................15 Answers to Questions on Life's Chemistry...........................................................................21

Chapter 2: The Cell: Life's Basic Building Block ............................................................23

Gaining Admission: The Cell Membrane ...............................................................................23 Aiming for the Nucleus............................................................................................................26 Looking Inside: Organelles and Their Functions..................................................................27 Putting Together New Proteins ..............................................................................................31 Cycling Along: Grow, Rest, Divide, Die ..................................................................................33 Answers to Questions on the Cell..........................................................................................35

Chapter 3: Divide and Conquer: Cellular Mitosis ...........................................................37

The Mitotic Process.................................................................................................................37 Waiting for action: Interphase ......................................................................................38 Sorting out the parts: Prophase ...................................................................................38 Dividing at the equator: Metaphase.............................................................................38 Packing up to move out: Anaphase..............................................................................38 Pinching off: Telophase .................................................................................................39 Splitting up: Cytokinesis................................................................................................39

What Can Go Wrong.................................................................................................................42 Answers to Questions on Mitosis ..........................................................................................44

Chapter 4: The Study of Tissues: Histology......................................................................47

Getting Under Your Skin..........................................................................................................47 Making a Connection: Connective Tissue .............................................................................50 Flexing It: Muscle Tissue .........................................................................................................53 Getting the Signal Across: Nerve Tissue ...............................................................................54 Answers to Questions on Histology ......................................................................................56

viii Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies

Part II: Weaving It Together: Bones, Muscles, and Skin .................59

Chapter 5: A Scaffold to Build On: The Skeleton ............................................................61

Understanding Dem Bones .....................................................................................................61 Boning Up on Classifications, Structures, and Ossification ...............................................63 Axial Skeleton: Keeping It All in Line .....................................................................................69

Making a hard head harder ...........................................................................................69 Putting your backbones into it .....................................................................................70 Appendicular Skeleton: Reaching Beyond Our Girdles.......................................................79 Arthrology: Articulating the Joints ........................................................................................82 Answers to Questions on the Skeleton .................................................................................87

Chapter 6: Getting in Gear: The Muscles .........................................................................93

Flexing Your Muscle Knowledge ............................................................................................93 Classifications: Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal.....................................................................95 Contracting for a Contraction ................................................................................................97 Pulling Together: Muscles as Organs.....................................................................................99 Assuming the Right Tone ......................................................................................................100 Leveraging Muscular Power .................................................................................................101 What's In a Name? Identifying Muscles ...............................................................................104 Answers to Questions on Muscles.......................................................................................109

Chapter 7: It's Skin Deep: The Integumentary System .................................................113

Dermatology Down Deep ......................................................................................................113 Epidermis: Don't judge this book by its cover .........................................................114 Dermis: It's more than skin deep................................................................................115

Touching a Nerve in the Integumentary System................................................................119 Accessorizing with Hair, Nails, and Glands ........................................................................120

Wigging out about hair ................................................................................................120 Nailing the fingers and toes ........................................................................................121 Sweating the details .....................................................................................................121 Getting an earful ...........................................................................................................122 Answers to Questions on the Skin .......................................................................................125

Part III: Feed and Fuel: Supply and Transport .............................127

Chapter 8: Oxygenating the Machine: The Respiratory System ................................129

Breathing In Oxygen, Breathing Out CO2 ............................................................................129 Inhaling the Basics about the Respiratory Tract ...............................................................132

Knowing about the nose (and sinuses) .....................................................................132 Dealing with throaty matters ......................................................................................134 Going deep inside the lungs........................................................................................137 Damaging Air ..........................................................................................................................139 Answers to Questions on the Respiratory System ............................................................141

Chapter 9: Fueling the Functions: The Digestive System ............................................143

Digesting the Basics: It's Alimentary! ..................................................................................143 Nothing to Spit At: Into the Mouth and Past the Teeth.....................................................145

Entering the vestibule..................................................................................................146 Moving along the oral cavity ......................................................................................147

The tongue...........................................................................................................147 The salivary glands ............................................................................................148 Stomaching the Body's Fuel..................................................................................................151

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Breaking Down the Work of Digestive Enzymes.................................................................154 Small intestine ..............................................................................................................154 Liver ...............................................................................................................................155 Pancreas ........................................................................................................................156 Large intestine ..............................................................................................................157

Answers to Questions on the Digestive Tract ....................................................................159

Chapter 10: Spreading the Love: The Circulatory System ...........................................163

Moving to the Beat of a Pump ..............................................................................................163 Finding the Key to the Heart's Chambers ...........................................................................166

The atria ........................................................................................................................166 The ventricles ...............................................................................................................167 Conducting the Heart's Music ..............................................................................................170 Riding the Network of Blood Vessels...................................................................................172 Beating from the Start: Fetal Circulation.............................................................................174 Answers to Questions on the Circulatory System .............................................................178

Chapter 11: Keeping Up Your Defenses: The Lymphatic System ...............................181

Duct, Duct, Lymph .................................................................................................................181 Poking at the Nodes...............................................................................................................184 Having a Spleen-ded Time with the Lymphatic Organs ....................................................187

The spleen .....................................................................................................................188 T cell central: The thymus gland................................................................................188 Opening wide and moving along: The tonsils and Peyer's patches.......................189 Answers to Questions on the Lymphatic System ..............................................................192

Chapter 12: Filtering Out the Junk: The Urinary System..............................................195

Examining the Kidneys, the Body's Filters .........................................................................195 Going molecular ...........................................................................................................196 Focusing on filtering ....................................................................................................196

Getting Rid of the Waste........................................................................................................199 Surfing the ureters........................................................................................................199 Ballooning the bladder ................................................................................................199 The male and female urethras ....................................................................................199

Spelling Relief: Urination.......................................................................................................201 Answers to Questions on the Urinary System ...................................................................203

Part IV: Survival of the Species ..................................................205

Chapter 13: Why Ask Y?: The Male Reproductive System..........................................207

Identifying the Parts of the Male Reproductive System....................................................207 Packaging the Chromosomes for Delivery..........................................................................211 Answers to Questions on the Male Reproductive System................................................217

Chapter 14: Carrying Life Forward: The Female Reproductive System ....................219

Identifying the Female Reproductive Parts and Their Functions ....................................219 Making Eggs: A Mite More Meiosis ......................................................................................224 Making Babies: An Introduction to Embryology ................................................................226 Growing from Fetus to Baby .................................................................................................227 Growing, Changing, and Aging..............................................................................................229 Answers to Questions on the Female Reproductive System............................................231

x Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies

Part V: Mission Control: All Systems Go ......................................235

Chapter 15: Feeling Jumpy: The Nervous System.........................................................237

Building from Basics: Neurons, Nerves, Impulses, Synapses...........................................238 Neurons .........................................................................................................................238 Nerves............................................................................................................................239 Impulses ........................................................................................................................240 Synapses ........................................................................................................................241

Minding the Central Nervous System and the Brain .........................................................243 Spinal cord ....................................................................................................................244 Brain...............................................................................................................................245 Medulla oblongata ..............................................................................................245 Pons ......................................................................................................................245 Midbrain ..............................................................................................................245 Cerebellum ..........................................................................................................246 Diencephalon ......................................................................................................246 Cerebrum .............................................................................................................246 Medulla ................................................................................................................247 Ventricles .............................................................................................................247

Taking Side Streets: The Peripheral Nervous System .......................................................251 Keep Breathing: The Autonomic Nervous System.............................................................253 Coming To Your Senses .........................................................................................................255

Eyes ................................................................................................................................256 Ears ................................................................................................................................256 Answers to Questions on the Nervous System ..................................................................261

Chapter 16: Raging Hormones: The Endocrine System................................................265

No Bland Glands.....................................................................................................................265 Mastering the Ringmasters ...................................................................................................267 Supporting Cast of Glandular Characters ...........................................................................270

Topping off the kidneys: The adrenal glands............................................................270 Thriving with the thyroid ............................................................................................271 Pairing up with the parathyroid .................................................................................271 Pinging the pineal gland ..............................................................................................271 Thumping the thymus .................................................................................................271 Pressing the pancreas..................................................................................................272 Dealing with Stress: Homeostasis ........................................................................................274 Answers to Questions on the Endocrine System...............................................................277

Part VI: The Part of Tens ...........................................................281

Chapter 17: Ten Study Tips ................................................................................................283

Chapter 18: Ten (Plus One) Terrific Online Resources.................................................287

Index .......................................................................................291

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