Chapter 1Test, Bones, Muscles, and Skin 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. - Bridgeway

Chapter 1Test, Bones, Muscles, and Skin 1. c 2. b 3. b 4. b 5. a 6. d 7. b 8. a 9. c 10. b 11. Homeostasis 12. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 13. voluntary or skeletal 14. dermis 15. ligament 16. true 17. true 18. sprain 19. less 20. true 21. Answers may vary. Samples: In this picture, the skin is gathering information about the temperature of

the water to see if it is too hot. The skin is also protecting the parts of the body beneath it from injury by the hot water.

22. The biceps muscle of the upper arm contracts to bend the elbow, lifting the forearm and hand. As the

biceps contracts, the triceps of the upper arm returns to its original length.

23. Homeostasis is the tendency of the body to maintain constant internal conditions in spite of an outside

change. When stress occurs, the body prepares to take quick action. Your breathing speeds up, your heart beats faster, your muscles tense, and your digestive system slows. All of these changes disturb homeostasis.

24. Eat properly. Drink enough water. Limit your exposure to the sun. Keep the skin clean and dry. 25. X-rays pass through the skin and other body tissues. When an X-ray is taken, the X-rays strike a

photographic film beneath the area being X-rayed. Because bone absorbs X-rays, areas of photographic film beneath the bone are not exposed to X-rays and remain white on the X-ray film.

26. A. pivot joint

B. ball-and-socket joint C. gliding joint D. hinge joint

27. Cartilage covers the ends of bones in movable joints and prevents them from rubbing against each

other.

28. Involuntary muscles of the digestive tract and respiratory system are composed of smooth muscle. If

people contract a disease that paralyzes smooth muscles, they could suffocate if their respiratory system failed or choke if their digestive system failed.

29. The skin has many blood vessels. When you become warm, these blood vessels enlarge, which

increases the amount of blood that flows through them. This allows heat to escape into the outside environment. Sweat glands in the skin also produce perspiration. As perspiration evaporates from the skin, your skin cools.

30. Answers may vary. Accept any three: MRI images are very sharp and clear. MRI can produce images

at any angle. MRI can show images of muscles and soft tissue. MRI does not damage cells. A disadvantage of MRI is that it is very expensive.

Chapter 2 Test, Food and Digestion 1. a 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. c 6. b 7. d 8. a 9. c 10. c 11. mucus 12. peristalsis 13. Cholesterol 14. small intestine 15. large intestine 16. Digestion 17. true 18. gallbladder 19. true 20. villi 21. esophagus 22. stomach 23. small intestine 24. large intestine 25. Mechanical digestion involves physically breaking food down into smaller particles. Mechanical

digestion begins in the mouth. The churning of the stomach completes this process. Chemical digestion involves breaking food molecules down into their smaller chemical building blocks. This process begins in the mouth with saliva. Digestive juices in the stomach and enzymes and other secretions in the small intestine finish the process.

26. Overall, lunch B is healthier. Pasta, tomato sauce, salad, and milk are all foods found lower on the

pyramid. People need more of these foods than those found higher on the pyramid. The ice cream cone is made of milk and sugar, which should only be eaten sparingly. This meal also does not include fried foods like Lunch A. The soda in Lunch A contains sugars that should only be eaten sparingly. Lunch A, however, does have a healthier dessert (applesauce) than does Lunch B.

27. Answers will vary. Menu should contain foods from each of the food groups in the recommended

amounts. The Fats, Oils, and Sweets Group may be omitted.

28. A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree

Celsius. A Calorie is 1,000 calories, and is the unit used for energy content of food.

29. The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that the body can use. The molecules

are absorbed into the blood and carried throughout the body. Finally, wastes are eliminated from the body.

30. Answers may vary. Sample: Food labels allow you to evaluate a single food as well as compare the

nutritional value of two foods. They contain such information as ingredient lists, serving size, Calories, Calories from fat, and Percent Daily Values.

Chapter 3 Test, Circulation 1. a 2. d 3. b 4. b 5. a 6. c 7. d 8. a 9. b 10. c 11. Cholesterol 12. ventricles 13. blood pressure 14. heart attack 15. capillaries 16. true 17. blood clots 18. true 19. ventricles 20. artery 21. Maria Nevarez 22. Give James Patel 0.45 L of type O blood as well as all the B blood; give Sonya Jackson 0.9 L of both A

and AB; give Maria Nevarez the remaining 0.9 L of type O blood.

23. The pumping force of the ventricles moves blood through the arteries. In the veins, the blood pressure

is much lower than in the arteries. Contracting skeletal muscles next to the veins help to squeeze the blood. Larger veins have valves that prevent the blood from flowing backward as it moves toward the heart. Also, breathing movements exert pressure against veins in the chest, forcing blood toward the heart.

24. Blood is made up of a liquid called plasma that transports needed materials and waste throughout the

body. Red blood cells transport both oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells fight disease. Platelets help to cause the production of fibrin, which is used in the formation of blood clots.

25. To decrease the risk of cardiovascular problems, you should eat a balanced diet that is low in sodium,

cholesterol, and saturated and trans fat. Also, you should exercise regularly and avoid smoking.

26. The capillaries are located in the lungs because the oxygen level of the blood increases when oxygen

moves from the lungs into the blood.

27. The oxygen level of the blood will remain high in the arteries and will decrease in the capillaries where

the oxygen diffuses into the body cells.

28. Arteries have thick three-layered walls. The innermost layer is made up of smooth epithelial tissue. The

middle layer is made up of mostly muscle tissue. The outer wall is made up of connective tissue. Capillary walls are only one cell thick. The walls of veins have three layers, similar to arteries, but they are generally not as thick as arteries. Larger veins have valves in them. The thick artery walls give them the strength and flexibility to withstand the high blood pressure caused by the heart. The smooth inner layer lets blood flow freely. The muscle layer regulates blood flow by constricting and relaxing. Because capillaries have thin walls, materials can move easily between the body and the blood. The middle layer of muscle in the veins is used to help move the blood to the heart. The valves in the larger veins prevent the blood from flowing backward.

29. Fluid from the blood seeps out of the bloodstream and moves into the lymphatic system. Once in the

lymphatic system, the fluid is called lymph. The lymph collects in the lymph vessels and is carried back to the bloodstream.

30. Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low

concentration. For example, glucose is more highly concentrated in blood than it is in the body cells. Therefore, glucose diffuses from the blood, through the capillary wall, and into the body cells.

Chapter 4 Test, Respiration and Excretion 1. d 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. b 6. a 7. c 8. b 9. d 10. a 11. addiction 12. cells 13. tar 14. diaphragm 15. vocal cords 16. pharynx 17. lung cancer 18. urinary bladder 19. true 20. true 21. a. carbon dioxide, water b. glucose, water, urea 22. a. oxygen b. glucose, water 23. In both processes, substances are removed from the body. In the alveoli, the substances are carbon

dioxide and water. In the nephrons, the substances are urea and water.

24. Passive smoking is inhaling smoke from other people's cigarettes. Like smoking, passive smoking

increases the risk of bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer.

25. Your kidneys maintain homeostasis by removing wastes and regulating the amount of water in your

body.

26. The kidneys, lungs, skin, and liver are organs of excretion. 27. The kidneys are the organ primarily responsible for maintaining water balance. Water is also lost

through the skin and lungs.

28. The liver "recycles" part of the hemoglobin from old red blood cells into subtances such as bile. 29. Air passes through the nose, into the pharynx, through the trachea, and into the bronchi before reaching

the alveoli in the lungs. In the nose and throat, air is warmed and moistened. Cilia and mucus in the nose and throat help clean the air. In the alveoli, oxygen from the air moves into the blood.

30. Some of the chemicals in smoke enter the bloodstream and irritate the walls of the blood vessels. This

irritation contributes to the buildup of the fatty material that causes atherosclerosis.

Chapter 5 Test, Fighting Disease 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. a 5. d 6. a 7. b 8. d 9. d 10. c 11. pathogens 12. toxin 13. passive 14. histamine 15. carcinogen 16. immune 17. can 18. Asthma 19. true 20. high 21. true 22. Answers may include two of the following: Immunization, getting sick from a pathogen, or being

exposed to a pathogen for the second time

23. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It attacks the body's immune system and causes

acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or AIDS. The immune system of a person with AIDS cannot protect the body against illness.

24. Students should list three of the four sources discussed in the text: an infected person, a contaminated

object, an infected animal, and soil, food, or water. Examples: an infected person-- kissing a person with a cold or flu; contaminated object--drinking from a glass that a person with the flu has used; an infected animal--malaria is transmitted to humans by tropical mosquitoes; soil, food, or water--botulism can be spread through foods that have been improperly canned.

25. Answers will vary. Examples: The skin is a physical barrier and its oils and sweat can kill pathogens.

Mucus and cilia in the respiratory system trap pathogens and help the body to get rid of them. Saliva in the mouth helps kill to pathogens, and acid in the stomach kills pathogens that you swallow.

26. The people are exposing themselves to ultraviolet rays in sunlight. 27. Answers may vary. Examples: The people can get out of the sun. They can put on sunscreen. They can

wear hats, long pants, and long-sleeved shirts.

28. The doctor would not give you an antibiotic to treat a cold because antibiotics kill only bacteria, and a

cold is caused by a virus. If you have a viral disease like a cold, you can treat the symptoms with over-thecounter medicines.

29. The inflammatory response is the body's second line of defense. It is a general response that is the

same for any pathogen. Fluids and phagocytes leak out of the circulatory system into surrounding tissues. Phagocytes surround and consume pathogens.

30. In both active and passive immunity, antibodies protect the body against specific pathogens.

In active immunity, the body produces its own antibodies, either by getting vaccinated or by being sick with the disease. In passive immunity, the body acquires antibodies from an outside source. Examples include a baby getting antibodies from its mother when still inside her body or from the mother's milk and a person who is injected with antibodies to prevent rabies.

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download