Name: ______________________________ Date ...



Name: ________________________________________ Unit 6 Review

Period: _____ Page: _____

Unit 6 Review Packet: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

Directions: Answer the questions to the best of your ability. Answers do not need to be in complete sentences.

Topic 1: DNA History and Structure

1. Match each scientist listed below with their contribution to the study of DNA.

|A. Frederick Griffith |D. Watson and Crick |

|B. Hershey and Chase |E. Erwin Chargaff |

|C. Rosalind Franklin | |

_____ Discovered that there were equal amounts of the nitrogen bases A + T and C+ G in a human body cell; concluded that A paired with T and C paired with G.

_____Did experiments with viruses to determine that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material of a cell. (Note: you need to know HOW this experiment was done, and how the scientists reached their conclusion.)

_____Did experiments with S and R strain pneumonia bacteria to determine that genetic material can be passed from dangerous to harmless bacteria. (Note: you need to be able to explain the final round of the experiment)

_____Took x-ray crystallography images of a DNA molecule.

_____ Analyzed x-ray images to determine that DNA is a double helix shape; won the Nobel Prize

2. Who took the picture to the right? Who stole that information? What did this image lead to?

3. Label the nucleotide and double helix pictured below with the three parts of a nucleotide: deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base.

4. If we think of a DNA molecule as a ladder….

Alternating _______________ and ______________ make up the sides of the ladder. The sides of the ladder are

considered the “backbones” of the DNA molecule. ______________________ make up the “rungs” (middle bars) of

the ladder. The “rungs” are held together by ________________ bonds.

5. What is the full name for DNA? What does this name tell you about the molecule? (Hint: Break the word down!)

6. Purines and pyrimidines are two types of nitrogen bases. Explain the difference between purines and pyrimidines, and list the nitrogen bases that fall under each category.

| |Purines |Pyrimidines |

|Difference | | |

|Nitrogen Bases | | |

7. In a DNA Double Helix…

Adenine pairs with _____________________.

Guanine pairs with _____________________.

8. Write out the base sequence for a DNA strand complementary to the following strand.

A T C G G C A A T G C C A G A

***Note: please be able to recognize the term COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING!***

9. Would a nerve cell and a blood cell from a human contain the same DNA? Explain your answer.

10. Explain the meaning of the following statement: “The two strands of the DNA double helix are antiparallel.”

Topic 2: DNA Replication

12. The process of DNA replication is important before a cell divides. Why is this the case?

13. Fill in the blanks with numbers! During DNA replication, we begin with _______ double helix, and end with _________. Each double helix has _______ new strand, and ________ parent (template) strand.

*In the image below, you should be able to label the old strands and the new strands

[pic]

14. During DNA replication, which enzyme performs each job listed below. Options for enzymes are ligase, DNA polymerase, and helicase.

__________ Unzipping the parent double helix.

__________ Building the new DNA strand by matching free nucleotides with bases on the parent strand.

__________ Gluing together fragments on the lagging strand.

15. Which daughter strand (A or B) on the diagram to the right is the leading strand and which is the lagging strand? How do you know?

16. What type of bonds hold nitrogen bases together across the double helix? Why is it a good thing for DNA replication that these are weak bonds?

Topic 3: Protein Synthesis and Mutations

17. DNA ( mRNA ( protein

Transcription of DNA to mRNA happens in the _________________.

Translation of mRNA to protein happens in the _________________.

18. Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying information from the DNA in the nucleus out to the ribosome to make a protein?

19. Why can’t DNA leave the nucleus?

20. Which type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome and “reads” the information in mRNA?

21. Use the table below to compare DNA and RNA, two types of nucleic acids.

| |DNA |RNA |

|Number of Strands | | |

|Nitrogen Bases | | |

|Sugars | | |

22. Three nitrogen bases found on an mRNA strand are called a codon. Each codon matches with ONE amino acid.

How many codons are needed to make 4 amino acids? _________________

How many bases are needed to make 4 amino acids? __________________

23. Each codon matches with a(n) __________________ found on a tRNA molecule.

24. Label the DNA, mRNA, tRNA, Ribosome, Amino Acids, Polypeptide on the picture below.

[pic]

25. Transcribe the following DNA sequences into mRNA.

A T C G A T C G A G C G A T T A

___________________________________

C G A G A A C T T T A C G G A T

___________________________________

26. Use a codon chart (either the circle chart shown to the right or the square chart from your notes) to translate the following mRNA sequence into protein. Abbreviate the amino acids with the first three letters of the full name.

AUG ACG GCA GGG CCC CGA AAA UAA

__________________________________________________

AUG UUU GCG ACC ACA AUA GGG UGA

__________________________________________________

The START CODON is __________.

The 3 STOP CODONS are _________, ________, and_________.

27. Determine the tRNA sequence that matches with the following DNA sequence. (Hint: you will have to find the mRNA sequence before finding the tRNA sequence.)

T A C G A G T T A A G C C A T

mRNA ________________________________

tRNA ________________________________

28. What types of bonds connect amino acids together within a polypeptide?

29. What is the difference between a large chromosomal mutation and a gene mutation?

30. Identify and describe the types of large chromosomal mutations (look in your Part 4 Notes).

31. Describe the difference between a point and frameshift mutation.

32. Describe the difference between the three different types of point mutation—silent, missense, and nonsense.

33. Describe the difference between the two types of frameshift mutation—insertion, and deletion.

34. A mutation will only be passed onto the offspring if it happens where?

Topic 4: Genetic Technology

35. What was the overall goal of the human genome project and what are some benefits that have come from it?

36. What is the most logical sequence of steps for splicing foreign DNA into a plasmid and inserting the plasmid into a bacterium (place the following steps in order)?

I. Transform bacteria with a recombinant DNA molecule.

II. Cut the plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes.

III. Extract plasmid DNA from bacterial cells.

IV. Hydrogen-bond the plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA fragments.

V. Use ligase to seal plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA.

37. Using the image to right to draw two conclusions about the data and explain your conclusions.

38. What process is used to produce the image to the right?

39. What is the overall goal of PCR (polymerase chain reaction)?

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