CHEMISTRY OF LIFE



Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ___________ Period: ____

Guided Reading: Chemistry of Life

Use chapter 3 in your textbook to complete this notes guide.

Section 1: Matter and Substances

1. What is every living and non-living thing made up of?

2. What is an atom? Can it be broken down by chemical means?

3. What are the three types of particles that make up an atom, and what are their charges, and where are they found?

4. Do atoms have an overall charge? Why or why not?

5. In this diagram, label where the following are found: Proton, Neutron, Electron.[pic]

6. What is an element?

7. The electron cloud of an atom may have levels.

a. How many electrons can the innermost level hold?

b. What is the maximum number of electrons the other levels can hold?

c. What are the electrons on the outermost level called?

• An atom with a full outer electron level is a stable (happy) atom! (hydrogen = 2, others = 8) (

8. Why do chemical bonds form between groups of atoms?

9. A compound forms when:

10. A bond where atoms share valence electrons is called:

11. What is created due to the answer for number 10?

12. Explain how a water molecule is formed:

13. Another way that atoms can be “happy” (achieve a stable/full valence level) is by what?

a. What does this result in?

b. What is an ion?

c. What is the bond between ions called? Why does this bond occur?

14. What makes a molecule polar?

15. Why does sugar and salt dissolve in water and oil does not?

16. Describe a hydrogen bond:

Section 2: Water and Solutions

17. What simple substance does all life depend on?

18. What do most of the unique properties of water rely on?

19. What is meant by water being less dense as a solid than as a liquid?

20. What is the benefit of water being less dense as a solid than as a liquid?

21. How much heat is necessary to change the temperature of water (don’t give a specific number, but an idea)?

22. How does the fact that water takes a long time to cool down and heat up help the Earth?

23. Define cohesion:

24. Define adhesion and say how it benefits plants.

25. Differentiate among solution, solute and solvent.

26. If a solution has extra hydronium ions, it is said to be? Extra hydroxide ions?

27. What is pH a measure for?

28. The pH of the solutions in living things must be_____________.

29. What does a buffer do?

Section 3: Carbon Compounds

30. What do the basic units of most biomolecules contain?

31. What makes the answer to number 30 a good element to bond with other elements?

• The four major biomolecules important to life are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

Carbohydrates:

32. Carbohydrates are molecules made of sugars. Which 3 elements do sugars contain?

33. What is a monosaccharide? Disaccharide? Polysaccharide?

34. What are carbohydrates a major source of?

35. Which 2 carbohydrates provide structural support? Where can each of them be found?

• Carbohydrates help with the recognition of invading cells

Lipids:

36. What do lipids include?

37. Do lipids repel water?

38. What are the main functions of lipids?

39. What are phospholipids?

Proteins:

40. What are proteins made up of?

41. How does your body get the amino acids it needs?

Nucleic Acids:

42. What smaller units are nucleic acids made up of?

43. What is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

• Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information!

Section 4: Energy and Metabolism

44. What is the ability to move or change matter called?

45. What law states that matter is neither created nor destroyed?

46. What law states that matter may change from one form to another, but the total amount of energy does not change?

47. What is an enzyme?

48. Where do your cells get most of the energy needed for metabolism?

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Nucleus

Electron Energy Levels

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