Chemicals of Life Notes



Chemistry for Biology: Notes

Atoms

• The ____________ ___________ of an element.

Molecule

• A molecule is formed when ____________ or more ___________ join together chemically

Ex: O2 – Two Oxygen Atoms combined

Compound

• A compound is a _____________ that contains at least _________different ______________.

• All compounds are ___________________ but not all molecules are ___________________.

Ex: Na (sodium) + Cl (chlorine) = NaCl (salt)

Chemical Reactions

• Energy is _______________ or ________________, supplying energy for the organism.

• When one or more substances is ________________ into a new substance by ______________ and _______________ new bonds.

Ex. 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O

(reactants) (products)

Homeostasis- Internal balance

➢ The body always wants to stay in ______________________

➢ Enzymes help maintain _____________________

➢ EX: _________________ , ____________________, _______________________

Acids and Bases

• Acids: lose _____________________ (H+) in water

• Ex: ____________________ , ____________________, lemons

• pH: 0-6.99

• Bases: loses ________________ and __________________ in water (OH-)

• pH: 7.01-14

• Ex: _______________, egg whites, and ___________________________

• pH: Concentration _________________________________________________

• scale of 0-14

Macromolecules

• Monomer (

• Polymer( ____________ complex _______________ made of many different ____________

4 Main polymers found in living things

1. Carbohydrates:

2. Lipids:

3. Nucleic Acids:

4. Proteins:

2. Carbohydrates:

-Group of chemicals that include sugars, starch and cellulose.

• Used for _____________ term __________________ storage

• Simple _______________ are the _____________ substance for your ____________ to breakdown.

• Stored as _______________, in _______________ if not used quickly

3 Types

1. ___________________________ (one sugar)

2. ___________________________ (two sugars)

3. ___________________________ (___________ sugars)

• Consist of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio

o Example:_______________________________

1. Monosaccharide:

a. One _______________ (building block) of ________________

b. ______________________ carbohydrate.

Example: ______________________ ( ______________________ )

2. Disaccharide:

a. ____________ monosaccharides __________________ __________________.

Examples: sucrose lactose

fructose glucose glucose galactose

3. Polysaccharides: Straight or ________________ ______________ of many ______________ ______________________.

o Starch: _________________ is a _________________ stored ___________________

o Glycogen: ________________ store glycogen, which is produced in the liver or muscle

o Cellulose: a non-digestible _________________________ , the most abundant _____________ on earth

▪ Example: _____________, ______________, ____________

3. Lipids: ____________ , oils, waxes, _____________________, and steroids.

- Used for _____________ __________energy storage

- Fat acts as an __________________

- Waxes act as a ______________ ____________________.

o Keeps leaves from _______________ _______________.

o Makes duck ________________ ___________________.

• Fats:

o Saturated Fats:

▪ ______________________________________

▪ ______________________________________

▪ ______________________________________

o Unsaturated Fats:

▪ ______________________________________

▪ ______________________________________

▪ ______________________________________

• Phospholipids:

o Found in the ___________ _____________________.

o Helps control _______________ in and out of __________.

• Steroids:

o A lipid with no ______________ _____________.

o ________________________________________________.

▪ Example: Cholesterol, ___________________, and______________________.

4. Nucleic Acids: Large ________________ that contain hereditary information.

Examples: ____________________ and __________________

Chemical Make-up

Phosphate: _________

Sugar: _________

Nitrogen Base: _________

Proteins:

- Large complex molecules made up of units called ________________ _______________.

-Make enzymes and muscles.

➢ Made from ________________________ of _____ different _________ ____________

➢ Different _________ _________ combinations produce different ________________

• Enzymes: A form of proteins that act as organic catalysts.

▪ Catalysts: Speeds up _______________________________________________

▪ Substrates: are substance that the ___________________ on.

▪ Active Site:a place on the ____________________

_________________________________________

• Enzyme Facts

o End in “_________”

o Enzymes work with only certain substrates

▪ Example: _________________________________

o Can be used repeatedly and does not __________ __________ _____ in the reaction.

o Speed up reaction by lowering ________________ ______________________

▪ Activation Energy: Energy needed to ___________ reaction ________________.

How Enzymes Work:

1) Enzymes ____________ to _______________ (whatever it is breaking down)

2) Chemical bonds are ______________ or _______________ in the substrate

3) _______________ of substrate are ________________

4) Enzyme can do this over and over again. It continues until all the substrate is broken down.

• Enzymes can be destroyed by high temperatures.

o The high temperatures change the shape of the enzyme, ________________________

▪

▪

o Other factors that effect enzymes

▪

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