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Chapter 2: The Chemistry of LifeDay 1What is biochemistry? Biochemistry is the ______________________________________________________________________________ occur in living things.Living things (biotic factors) depend on _____________________________________________…so biology and chemistry are closely related! Composition of Matter Matter – everything in the universe is composed of matter.Matter is anything that ____________________________________________________.Mass is the _______________________________________________an object has.Weight is the _____________________________________________on an object. Atoms The __________________________________________________________________that retains all the properties of that element.All atoms consist of 3 types of smaller particles:_________________________________= has a + charge_________________________________ = has no charge_________________________________ = has a - chargeProperties of atoms determine the __________________________________________________ of the matter they compose.The Nucleus _________________________________________Elements Pure substances that ________________________________________________ chemically into simpler kinds of matter.Made of only ____________________ type of atom A group of atoms of the ___________________________type.More than 100 elements (_______________ are naturally occurring) ________________________ of the mass of an organism is composed of 4 elements (oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen)Each element has a unique chemical symbol:Consists of _____________________ lettersFirst letter is always capitalized Compounds Is a substance made of atoms of _____________________________elements bond together in a certain ratio.Examples: ______________________________A compound is a pure substance made up of atoms of __________________________________________________________.The proportion of atoms are _________________________________ fixed.Chemical formulas show the ________________________________________________ of atoms of each element that occurs in a particular compound. Molecules Is ______________________________________atoms held together by ___________________________ bonds.Are the _______________________________________of a substance that _________________________________of the properties of the substance and exists in a free state.Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons Ion is an atom that has _______________________________________ one or more electron.It forms because an atom is more stable when its outermost energy level is ______________________________.An atom becomes an ion when its number of electrons _________________________________ an electrical charge.Ionic Bond Some atoms become stable by ______________________________________________________.Atoms that lose electrons are called _________________________________________________.Atoms that gain electrons are called _______________________________________.Because positive and negative electrical charges attract each other __________________________________form. Atoms share pairs of electrons in covalent bonds. Some atoms ________________________________pairs of electrons.Shared pairs of electrons fill the outermost energy levels of the bonded atoms.A covalent bond is formed when atoms ______________________________________.This type of bond is _________________________________________. Properties of the Water Molecule The oxygen atom attracts more than its _____________________________ of electrons.Oxygen end __________________________________Hydrogen end ________________________________Causes the water to be ___________________________________Think of it as ________________________________attracted to one another. Water is ____________________________(equal number of electrons and protons)_______________________________________Life depends on hydrogen bonds in water Hydrogen bonds – Is an attraction between a ____________________________________________________________________, often oxygen or nitrogen.Homeostasis Ability to maintain a ___________________________________________despite changing conditionsWater is important to this process because:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(insulates frozen lakes)Properties Related to Hydrogen Bonds High specific heat:Water ____________________________________ changes in temperature.Must absorb ________________________________heat energy to increase temperatureHelps ____________________________________ cell temperatures Cohesion – Attraction among molecules of the ________________________________ substanceMakes water molecules _______________________________ to each otherProduces _________________________________________, makes kind of skin on water AdhesionAttraction among molecules of __________________________________ substancesWater molecules _______________________________ to thingsResponsible for the ______________________________ on the surface of the water in a test tubeHelps plants transport water from their ______________________________________Capillary actionAllowing water to travel ___________________________________ against gravityChapter 2 - The Chemistry of LifeProperties of WaterWater 5358765291465A water molecule (H2O) is made up of __________________________ atoms --- one ________________________ and two __________________________.Water is Polar!!!! The __________________________ end “acts” ___________________________.The __________________________ end “acts” ___________________________.Causes the water to be ________________________________________________Hydrogen Bonds Exist Between Water MoleculesFormed between a highly _______________________________________________ (like oxygen in another water) of a polar molecule and a _________________________________. Weak bond, but strong in great numbers Interaction Between Water Molecules __________________________________________ end of one water molecule is attracted to the __________________________________________ end of another water molecule to form a __________________________________________.Properties of Water _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Cohesion_______________________________________________________ ( why water is attracted to itself)_______________________________________________________ (a measure of the strength of water’s surface)Helps insects walk across waterAdhesion _________________________________________________________Water will make ____________________________________________ such as glass, soil, plant tissues, and cotton. __________________________________ action-water molecules will “tow” each other along when in a thin glass tube.Gives water the ability to climb surfacesHigh Specific Heat ___________________________________________ needed to raise or lower ______________ of a substance ____________________.Water _______________________________________________________, both for heating and cooling.________________________________________ forms a kind of global ‘‘blanket” which helps to keep the _____________________________________________________._______________________________________________________________ warms the surface of the earth and is ____________________________________________________________________.Water is Less Dense as a SolidSolutions & SuspensionsWater is usually part of a _________________________________________.There are two types of mixtures:Solutions: ___________________________________________________________Suspensions: _________________________________________________________SolutionsWater is the __________________________________, salt is the _____________________________ salt water is the ___________________________________. SuspensionsSubstances that _______________________________________________________________ into tiny pieces.Acids, Bases and pH______________________________________________ is made of two ions, ________________________ and a Hydroxide Ion _________________________________ H2O H+ + OH- Acids and BasesAcid: A solution with lots of ____________________________pH ____________________________________________________ Base: A solution with lots of ____________________________pH ____________________________________________________The pH Scale…acidsIndicates the ____________________________________________________Ranges from _________________________________________pH of _______________________________________________Each pH unit represents a factor of _______________________ change in concentrationpH 3 is 10 x 10 x 10 (1000x) stronger than a pH of 6BuffersWeak acids or bases that react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH _____________________________________________________.Produced naturally by the body to maintain _____________________________.Chapter 2: The Chemistry of LifeDay 3What is a macromolecule? These are _______________________________________________________________, and are considered to be “giant molecules”.A process called __________________________________________ combines smaller molecules together to form these larger macromolecules.These compounds are the ___________________________________________…in other words without them there would be no you! Examples of Macromolecules There are four groups of macromolecules that make up living things:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Six Major Elements associated with making up these macromolecules These _____________ elements make up your body, and they are also important in creating these organic compounds.So what are these 6 major elements important to life:_______________________________________________________●_____________________________________________●_____________________________________________●_________________________So how are these the building blocks of living things? The macromolecules are the LARGER MOLECULES…so like a house, you need “bricks” to build/make them!______________________________ – smallest unit of a large molecule (building blocks of things)______________________________ – the large molecule; formed by joining monomers (the product/the thing made = this is the macromolecule!) _____________________________monomers make a polymer!Formation of Macromolecules Monomers are connected by a reaction in which 2 molecules are bonded to each other through the ____________________________________________________________.Called a _________________________________________________________because a water molecule is lost. Polymers are disassembled (broken up) into monomers by ___________________________________, a process that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction.Hydrolysis means_____________________________________. Bonds between monomers are broken by the addition of water molecules. Four Major Classes of Organic Molecules 1. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for ________________________________________Made up of sugars______________________________________ (monomer) = 1 single______________________________________ = 2 sugars______________________________________ = many/more than 2 sugarCarbohydrates4659630161290The elements that make them up __________________________________3 types – (1) __________________________________ (C6H12O6 = glucose, galactose, & fructose)(2) __________________________________(2 monosaccharides joined; ex: sucrose)(3)__________________________________(long chain of monosaccharides; ex: starch)Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose (Monosaccharides) ___________________________________:Made during photosynthesis; Main source of energy for plants and animals___________________________________:Found naturally in fruits; Is the sweetest of monosaccharides____________________________________:Found in milk; Is usually in association with glucose or fructoseDisaccharide ____________________________________ – two monosaccharide bonded together_____________________________= made up of glucose + fructose bonded together_____________________________ = made up of glucose + galactose bonded together Polysaccharide _________________________________________ = more than two monosaccharide bonded together by glycosidic bondsServe as _______________________________________________________Storage (examples: ___________________________________________)Structural (examples: _________________________________________)A complex carbohydrate is a polysaccharide with ________________________________monosaccharide units.Pasta and starches are polysaccharides____________________________ are a starch Four Major Classes of Organic Compounds______________________________Used to _________________________________________(for the long term)Important in __________________________________________the certain coverings in the bodyExample: Cell Membranes_______________________________________________________________________Examples Fats, Oils, and WaxesOrganic Compounds and LipidsThe elements that make them up _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The building block for lipids includes __________________________________________________________.There two ways lipids can be represented in the body: ______________________________________– fatty acids are “full” of Hydrogens; all carbon bonds are single (animal products)______________________________________ – at least 1 double bond between carbons (plant products)Chapter 2: The Chemistry of LifeDay 4Four Major Classes of Organic Compounds____________________________________The majority of the processes that take place in the body occur because of proteins!!!The elements that make up proteins are ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ProteinsThere are ____________________ different amino acids found in nature Amino Acids are made up of 3 functional groups:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What are some functions of proteins?4 Types of Proteins & their function in the body:_____________________________________________________Controls the rate of reactions in your body_____________________________________________________Sending nutrients to different parts of the body_____________________________________________________Forms/ makes up different parts of the body_____________________________________________________Makes cells that act as fighters for the bodyFinally…__________________________________The function of nucleic acids is _______________________________________________________The elements that make up nucleic acids are…_______________________________________________Two types: __________________________________________________________________________________________________Nucleic AcidsThe monomers of _______________________________________Each nucleotide is made up of:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Chapter 2The Chemistry of LifeDay 5What is a Chemical Reaction? Everything that happens inside of an organism is based on ________________________________________________– Examples:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________– a process that changes one set of chemicals into anotherChemical reactions always involve the ____________________________________________ of new bonds!Chemical Reaction Breakdown There are 2 parts to every chemical reaction:______________________________________________________Reactants represent what is _____________________________________________ into a reactionAlways found before the arrow!Products represent what is ___________________________________________a reactionAlways found after the arrow! But don’t we need energy to complete all of these reactions? ________________________________ Energy is a big factor in completing these reactions.Some chemical reactions _______________________________________________________________Chemical reactions that release energy are called _____________________________________These often occur spontaneously – such as cellular respirationChemical reactions that absorb energy are called _____________________________________These will not occur without a source of energy – such as Photosynthesis (the original energy comes from the sun!!!)But not all reactions are spontaneous…some STILL require a little energy! Energy needed to get a reaction started is called ____________________________________________.This “start energy” is important, because it can determine whether you _________________________________________ energy.However… there is a PROBLEM! Solution Your body has a ___________________________________ that lowers the amount of energy needed at the beginning of a reaction, so you have more energy to complete your metabolic processes needed to live your life! These proteins are called… Enzymes!!!Enzymes are proteins that act as _________________________________________Catalysts: Substance that ____________________________________________________, without using a large amount of energy. Most enzymes end in the letters ______________________________________________Ex: your saliva/ spit is called AMYLASEEnzymesEnzymes speed up a reaction by ________________________________________________ of a reactionEnzymes act as a ______________________________________ and are not used upScientists use a model to represent the way enzymes carry out chemical reactions_________________________________________________________________________________________________Enzymes have very specific ________________________________________, where only certain reactants can bind to reduce activation energy (EA).These reactants are called ___________________________________________Enzymes release products after a reaction and can start the same process over again. Remember…Enzymes are a type of _________________________There job is to _________________________________________ WITHOUT using too much energy.When you damage a protein, so it no longer works it becomes _____________________________. Denaturation and Renaturation of a ProteinThere are many things that can affect the way an enzyme works:________________________________________ Both hot or cold can damage an enzyme________________________________________ Mixing proteins with Strong Acids or Bases________________________________________ Things that may turn on an enzyme________________________________________ Things that may turn off certain cell activities ................
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