Enlaces Lección 3 - University of Illinois Chicago

Enlaces Lecci¨®n 3

El presente del subjuntivo

We have studied the different tenses of verbs such as present tense, preterite tense, and imperfect tense.

However, we have only conjugated these verbs in the indicative mood, which describes actions that are real or

factual. Indicative mood expresses something that the speaker believes to be reality:

?

?

?

Mario come muchas hamburguesas.

In¨¦s est¨¢ cansada.

Hace mucho fr¨ªo hoy.

Now, we will study the subjunctive mood (el subjuntivo) that is used to describe actions that describe

wishes, feelings, emotions, or doubts and actions that are uncertain, unknown, or nonexistent to the speaker:

?

?

?

Manolo no cree que Mario coma muchas hamburguesas.

Nos sorprende que In¨¦s est¨¦ cansada.

Nos molesta que haga mucho fr¨ªo hoy.

To form the present tense of the subjunctive mood, take the yo form of the present indicative mood:

Verbos regulares

? hablar ? hablo

? comer ? como

? vivir ? vivo

Verbos irregulares

? decir ? digo

? hacer ? hago

? o¨ªr ? oigo

?

?

?

poner ? pongo

tener ? tengo

traer ? traigo

?

?

venir ? vengo

ver ? veo

Drop the -o from the stem and then add ¡°opposite¡± endings:

?

?

?

-ar verbs: -e, -es, -e, -emos, -¨¦is, -en

-er verbs: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -¨¢is, -an

-ir verbs: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -¨¢is, -an

Please note that -er and -ir verbs have identical endings!

Verbs that end in -car, -gar, and -zar, have a spelling change in the present subjunctive:

?

?

?

sacar ? saco ? saque

jugar ? juego ? juegue

almorzar ? almuerzo ?

almuerce

In -ar and -er, the stem-change pattern is the same as in the present indicative:

pensar (ie)

volver (ue)

piense pensemos vuelva volvamos

pienses pens¨¦is

vuelvas volv¨¢is

piense piensen vuelva vuelvan

The -ir stem-changing verbs follow the present indicative stem change in the same persons as the present

subjunctive. In addition, they show the preterite stem change (e ? i, o ? u) in the nosotros/as and vosotros/as

conjugations.

DAVID DIEGO RODR?GUEZ, PH.D., UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO,

PAGE 1

sentir (ie, i)

pedir (i, i)

dormir (ue, u)

sienta sintamos pida pidamos duerma durmamos

sientas sint¨¢is

pidas pid¨¢is

duermas durm¨¢is

sienta sientan pida pidan

duerma duerman

If the present indicative yo form does NOT end in -o (for example, s¨¦ or voy), the verb is irregular. The

following irregular conjugations must be memorized:

?

?

?

?

?

?

dar: d¨¦, des, d¨¦, demos, deis, den

estar: est¨¦, est¨¦s, est¨¦, estemos, est¨¦is, est¨¦n

ir: vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vay¨¢is, vayan

saber: sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sep¨¢is, sepan

ser: sea, seas, sea, seamos, se¨¢is sean

haber: haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hay¨¢is, hayan

El subjuntivo en cl¨¢usulas sustantivas

In order for the subjunctive to be used in noun clauses, three conditions must be met: (1) the sentence

must contain a main clause and a subordinate clause; (2) the main clause and the subordinate clause must have

different subjects; and (3) the main clause must communicate certain message, such as volition, will, desire,

influence, request, suggestion, or preference.

Compare the following sentences:

?

?

Mario quiere dinero.

Mario quiere que su padre le d¨¦ dinero.

In the first sentence, dinero is a noun describing what Mario wants. In the second sentence, que su padre

is a noun clause describing what the speaker wants someone else to do. Mario lo quiere. (Lo = que

su padre le d¨¦ dinero) Will the speaker receive what he desires? That remains to be seen, therefore, the

subjunctive mood is required to describe an action that is nonexistent at the moment.

Every subordinate clause (cl¨¢usula subordinada) contains a subject and a conjugated verb, but is not a

complete sentence. The first of the previous example sentences has only one clause (a simple sentence),

whereas the second (a complex sentence) has both a main (independent) clause and a subordinate (dependent)

clause.

The subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause when its subject is different than the subject of the main

clause. In the first of the following examples, there is no change of subject, so the infinitive is used. In the

second sentence, there is a change of subject, so the subjunctive is used in the subordinate noun clause.

le d¨¦ dinero

?

?

No quiero ver esa pel¨ªcula.

No quiero que mis hijos vean esa pel¨ªcula.

The infinitive mood is used when there is no change of subject:

?

?

Quiero aprender la canci¨®n ?Las ma?anitas?.

Mario quiere ir a la playa.

The subjunctive, with few exceptions, occurs only in subordinate clauses. Sentences that begin with

require the subjunctive even though there is no subordinate clause:

ojal¨¢, quiz¨¢(s), and tal vez

?

?

?

Ojal¨¢ (que) venga Mar¨ªa a la fiesta.

Tal (que) vez llueva ma?ana.

Quiz¨¢(s) (que) Juanita est¨¦ enferma.

Verbos y expresiones de voluntad e influencia

aconsejar, desear, es importante, es necesario, es urgente, exigir, gustar, hacer, importar, insistir (en),

mandar, necesitar, oponerse a, pedir, preferir, prohibir, proponer, querer, recomendar, rogar, sugerir

DAVID DIEGO RODR?GUEZ, PH.D., UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO,

PAGE 2

Verbos y expresiones de emoci¨®n

alegrarse (de), es bueno, es extra?o, es malo, es mejor, es rid¨ªculo, es terrible, es una l¨¢stima, es una

pena, esperar, gustar, molestar, sentir, sorprender, temer tener miedo (de)

Verbs and expressions of doubt and denial

dudar, es imposible, es improbable, es poco cierto/seguro, (no) es posible, (no) es probable, negar, no

creer, no es evidente, no es cierto/seguro, no es verdad, no estar seguro (de)

El subjuntivo en cl¨¢usulas adjetivas

A subordinate clause that describes a preceding noun is called an adjective clause (cl¨¢usula adjetiva).

Adjective clauses are generally introduced by either que or donde. There are two general rules that determine

whether to use the subjunctive or the indicative with adjective clauses.

?

?

?

Le¨ª un libro que explica la historia de las Am¨¦ricas.

Busco el restaurante donde comimos el s¨¢bado pasado.

Hay algunos libros que ense?an c¨®mo vivir mejor.

Use the subjunctive in the adjective clause whenever the main clause indicates that the person or thing

mentioned is outside the speaker¡¯s knowledge, experience, or perceived reality. When an adjective clause

describes something with which the speaker has had no previous experience, or something that may not exist at

all, the subjunctive is used:

?

?

?

Busco un libro que explique la historia verdadera de las Am¨¦ricas.

Busco un restaurante donde vendan comida venezolana.

No hay ning¨²n libro que no ense?e nada.

The speaker chooses either the indicative or the subjunctive in the adjectival clause in order to indicate

whether the antecedent is certain, that is, it exists and is known to the speaker, or if the antecedent is uncertain

or nonexistent:

Antecedent certain (Indicative mood)

Antecedent uncertain (Subjunctive mood)

Necesito el libro que tiene informaci¨®n sobre la

pobreza en la ciudad.

Tengo una prima que vive en Texas.

Conozco a un abogado que habla espa?ol.

Yo conozco a alguien que habla tres idiomas.

Vamos a comprar una casa que tiene tres ba?os.

Necesito un libro que tenga informaci¨®n sobre

la pobreza en la ciudad.

No tengo ning¨²n pariente que viva en Canad¨¢.

Busco un abogado que hable espa?ol.

No conozco a nadie que hable tres idiomas.

Vamos a comprar una casa que tenga tres ba?os.

La ¡°a¡± personal

If the person does not exist or may not exist, do not use the Personal a. However, you must always use

the Personal a before alguien and nadie, but not after hay and no hay.

?

?

?

?

Busco un abogado que hable espa?ol.

Busco a alguien que hable tres idiomas.

No visito a nadie que no sea amigo.

No hay nadie aqu¨ª que sea millonario.

El subjuntivo en cl¨¢usulas adverbiales

Adverbs (adverbios) modify a verb (Enrique llegar¨¢ ma?ana.), an adjective (?Mi casa es tan bonita!), or

another adverb (La tortuga camina muy despacio.). Adverbial clauses (cl¨¢usulas adverbiales), which must begin

with subordinating conjunctions, also modify verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or whole groups of words. These

clauses explain how, why, when, where, under what conditions, or with what result. The use of the subjunctive

or indicative mood depends on the nature of the object being modified. Use the subjunctive mood to express

DAVID DIEGO RODR?GUEZ, PH.D., UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO,

PAGE 3

doubt, desire, persuasion, emotion, possibility, impossibility, probability, improbability, value judgment, or

non-reality. Use the indicative mood to express certain knowledge, perceived reality, and habitual actions.

Conjunctions that require the subjunctive

Some conjunctions require the subjunctive because they describe conditions that are nonexistent at the

moment when they are expressed. They are used in adverbial clauses that describe how, why, when, and where

an action takes place. Some conjunctions may not require the subjunctive mood. The meaning of the main

clause determines whether the indicative or subjunctive mood is used.

Subjuntivo

en caso (de) que

sin que

con tal (de) que

a menos que

para que

antes (de) que

Cl¨¢usulas adverbiales

Subjuntivo / Indicativo

a pesar de que

aunque

cuando

despu¨¦s

(de) que

en cuanto

hasta que

luego que

mientras

que

siempre

que

tan

pronto

como

Subjuntivo

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

Quiero que llames a los bomberos en caso de que haya un incendio.

No te puedes graduar sin que los profesores te aprueben en todos los ex¨¢menes.

Yo siempre estoy contento con tal de que todos me traten bien.

Los Garc¨ªa van a comprar una casa a menos que no les den la hipoteca.

La profesora ense?a a los alumnos para que aprendan espa?ol.

Isabel trabajar¨¢ muchas horas hasta que tenga su propia casa.

Los estudiantes deben estudiar siempre que haya un examen.

Iremos a la playa a menos que llueva ma?ana.

Tienes que pagarme lo que me debes antes de que te preste m¨¢s dinero.

If que is omitted and there is no change of subject, use the infinitive:

?

?

?

Los pol¨ªticos deben pensar antes de hablar.

Gerardo y To?a limpian la casa para tener una fiesta.

Mi t¨ªa Marina ve telenovelas cada d¨ªa por horas sin aburrirse.

Indicativo

If the outcome of a past event is known, use the indicative mood.

?

?

?

Mario se compr¨® un coche nuevo despu¨¦s de que encontr¨® empleo.

Est¨¢bamos tristes hasta que vino Teresa con el vino.

Tengo mucho sue?o a pesar de que dorm¨ª bien anoche.

If an event is repetitive or habitual, use the indicative mood.

?

Siempre nos peleamos cuando estamos juntos.

DAVID DIEGO RODR?GUEZ, PH.D., UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO,

PAGE 4

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