World War I – Causes, Fighting, and Outcomes of WWI
World War I – Causes, Fighting, and Outcomes of WWIGuided Lecture NotesCauses of the WarEurope at Its PeakIndustrial Revolution = Modernization = Europe = % of world populationImperial Tensions (Imperialism)European nations for coloniesMilitarism of war and increase in spendingGermany competed against ‘s naval superiorityNationalismGreat pride in one’s country or aspiring to become one’s country and had only recently become united, independent countriesMany countries (e.g. ) torn by tensions of different nationalist bined with militarism and competition, this increased tensions in EuropeThe System of AlliancesWeb of treaties to protect themselvesTriple Alliance: , , and Triple Entente: , , andHow to remember these Causes: M.A.I.N.M= MilitarismA = AlliancesI = ImperialismN = NationalismWar Breaks OutNationalism in the BalkansBalkans = As Empire receded – new nations bornRussia and competed for control and influence over new nationsAustria-Hungary annexes in 1908 – Serbia resents this (wants Bosnia for to the Adriatic Sea)The Assassination of the ArchdukeArchduke (or Franz) Ferdinand of Austria visited Bosnian capital (named ) on June 28th, 1914.7 assassins from the - Serbian nationalist group – plot against him shoots the Archduke and his wife.Austria-Hungary’s UltimatumGermany gave ““ of military support to Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary serves to SerbiaSerbia refuses to let Austria-Hungary’s officials run an investigation in SerbiaAustria-Hungary declared war on on July 28th, 1914.The Alliance System Leads to War supported Serbia and Germany supported Within 1 week – almost all of Europe at war declares war on Russia and France Declares war on GermanyAlliances and Fronts of the WarThe AlliancesAllied Powers = Central Powers = The Western Front Germany tried to take France quickly, then turn to fight . This was called the Plan.Battle lines formed in northeastern France – changed (called a )Miles of trenches built – leads to Battles Along the Western FrontLong, bloody battles - - 680,000 casualties (casualties = dead and )Battle of the - over 1 million casualtiesThe Eastern FrontLack of modern caused enormous defeatsLed to (or Russian) Treaty signed with revolutionary gov’t (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) in Russia = Russia lost of their territory to Germany.The Balkan FrontThe Allies abandoned attempts to land in the Balkans after losing in several battles against the (ex: Gallipoli) The Italian FrontItalians joined the Triple in 1915 and fought against Austria-Hungary.The War Ends1917 - USA enters the war on the side of the Triple Entente – replaces manpower/material lost by Russia’s exit from the war and the were first Central Powers to be defeatedRevolts inside of Austria-Hungary and helped to end the war quickly in 1918 (German leaders convinced that they could not continue the war).New Weapons Used in the WarThe Machine GunModern replaced the single-fire, short-range rifleBritish machine guns fired 8 rounds per at a distance of 2,900 yardsArtilleryGreater power and carried shells much 24 million shells used in the Battle of aloneWeapons of the Industrial Age75 different types of poison gas used (first used in 1915 in the Second Battle of) Flame throwersTanks (first used in )AirplanesSubmarinesCasualties of Modern WeaponryTactics of sending masses of men toward enemy across Land didn’t work against modern weapons.Britain suffered 57,470 casualties on the first day of the Battle of the Total losses for WWI exceed million men and womenThe Reality of Soldiers’ LivesPatriotic FervorMany European looked forward to war at the startAttitudes ChangeSoldiers’ changed Europeans’ fervor through letters about the of warThe Return HomeNo crowds or heroes’ welcome after the warTrench WarfareThe Race to the Sea475 miles of were dug across northern FranceBritish troops used over 10 million during the warLife in the TrenchesCharging over the top, crossing to reach the enemy trenchesBoring, terrifying, and caused Horrible Effect of the War on the Home FrontMobilizing for Total WarCivilians back home made huge Governments controlled industries and and used oftenNew Jobs for WomenWorked in jobs traditionally held only by , who were at the frontNumber in paid rose by over one millionWorked in organizations to support soldiers at the frontWomen’s WagesPaid less than men for workIndustrial and civil work (government jobs) provided better pay and hours than traditional jobsWomen’s Changing RoleWomen discovered the benefits of financial (= ) and greater mobilitySome refused to return to serviceWomen won right to throughout EuropeThe Paris Peace ConferencePeace of JusticeLeaders of Allied and Central Powers met at the of President ‘s 14 Points supported for all nations and a just peacePeace of VengeanceItaly and wanted territory (Britain got it, Italy did not!) wanted to punish GermanyUSA – Wilson under pressure from US Senate to withdraw from European affairs = Italy and left, leaving peace settlement to and Treaty of Versailles with GermanyFrance and Britain created a severe treaty that GermanyGermany had to:Return - region to FranceKeep area near France, called , demilitarizedPay war of $32 billionAgree to (Germany totally and only responsible for the war)The New EuropeTreaties similar to Germany’s signed with other PowersMany countries experienced a change in their Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia lost territoryMany countries were createdMap 2Map 1Maps of Europe before and after the Treaty of Versailles.Map 1: Europe 1914Map 2: Europe 1919 ................
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