SCIENCE EXPLORER Grade 6 - Pearson Education

SCIENCE EXPLORER

GUIDED READING AND STUDY WORKBOOK

PRENTICE HALL

SCIENCE

EXPLORER

Grade 6

Guided Reading and Study Workbook

N Promotes active reading and enhances students' study skills using innovative questioning strategies and exercises linked to the student text

N Builds a record of students' work to use as a study aid for quizzes and tests

N Provides a wide range of question formats-- for every section of the text--to reach a wide variety of learners

N Gives parents a handy resource to help students study and learn

Grade 6

Prentice Hall

PRENTICE HALL

Grade 6

Guided Reading and

Study Workbook

Teacher's Edition

Needham, Massachusetts Upper Saddle River, New Jersey

Glenview, Illinois

Copyright ? 2002 by Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department.

ISBN 0-13-058709-5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 05 04 03 02

Table of Contents

What Is Science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Chapter 1 Matter and Energy . . . . . . . . .5 1-1 Describing Matter and Energy . . . . . . . .5 1-2 Measuring Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 1-3 Particles of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 1-4 Elements From Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Chapter 2 Solids, Liquids, and Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

2-1 States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 2-2 Gas Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 2-3 Graphing Gas Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 2-4 Changes in State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Chapter 3 Relating Force and Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

3-1 Describing, Measuring, and Graphing Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

3-2 Force and Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 3-3 Water in Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Chapter 4 Cells: The Building Blocks of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

4-1 What is Life? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 4-2 Discovering Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 4-3 Looking Inside Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 4-4 Introduction to Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . .49

Chapter 5 Cell Processes and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

5-1 The Cell in Its Environment . . . . . . . . .53 5-2 The Cell and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 5-3 Cell Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

Chapter 6 From Bacteria to Plants . . .63 6-1 Classifying Living Things . . . . . . . . . . .63 6-2 Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 6-3 Protists and Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 6-4 The Plant Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

Chapter 7 Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 7-1 What Is an Animal? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 7-2 Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 7-3 Sponges, Cnidarians, Worms,

and Mollusks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 7-4 Arthropods and Echinoderms . . . . . . . .83 7-5 Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles . . . . .85 7-6 Birds and Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

Chapter 8 Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 8-1 Components of an Ecosystem . . . . . . . .93 8-2 Studying Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 8-3 Energy in an Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

Chapter 9 Energy Resources . . . . . . . .101 9-1 Energy and Fossil Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . .101 9-2 Renewable Sources of Energy . . . . . . .104 9-3 Nuclear Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 9-4 Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

Chapter 10 Solid Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 10-1 Inside Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 10-2 Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 10-3 Rocks and the Rock Cycle . . . . . . . . . .117

Chapter 11 Earthquakes and Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121

11-1 Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 11-2 Earth's Crust in Motion . . . . . . . . . . . .123 11-3 Measuring Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . .126 11-4 Volcanic Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 11-5 Volcanic Landforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132

Chapter 12 Fresh Water . . . . . . . . . . . .135 12-1 The Water Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 12-2 Surface Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 12-3 Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 12-4 Wetland Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145 12-5 Water Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

Chapter 13 Earth's Atmosphere . . . . .151 13-1 The Air Around You . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 13-2 Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 13-3 Air Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 13-4 Layers of the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . .159

Chapter 14 Weather Factors . . . . . . . .163 14-1 Energy in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . .163 14-2 Integrating Physics: Heat Transfer . . .165 14-3 Winds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168 14-4 Water in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . .171 14-5 Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174

Chapter 15 Weather Patterns . . . . . . .177 15-1 Air Masses and Fronts . . . . . . . . . . . . .177 15-2 Storms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 15-3 Floods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 15-4 Predicting Weather Change . . . . . . . . .183

Chapter 16 Components of the Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187

16-1 Describing the Solar System . . . . . . . .187 16-2 Characteristics of the Sun . . . . . . . . . .190 16-3 Characteristics of the Inner Planets . .191 16-4 Characteristics of the Outer Planets . .195 16-5 Comets, Asteroids, and Meteors . . . . .198 16-6 Traveling in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200

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WHAT IS SCIENCE?

(pages 10-19)

This section describes how scientists explore problems and seek answers to questions about the natural world. The section also describes the branches of science.

Introduction (page 10) 1. What is science? Science is a way of learning about the natural world and

the knowledge gained through that process.

2. The many ways in which scientists explore the problems and seek answers to questions about the natural world is referred to as

scientific inquiry

.

Thinking Like a Scientist (pages 11?15) 3. What skills do scientists use? Posing questions, making observations and

inferences, developing hypotheses, designing experiments, collecting data

and making measurements, interpreting data, and drawing conclusions.

Match the term with its definition.

Term

Definition

b 4. observation a 5. inference

a. An interpretation based on gathered information and prior knowledge

b. Using sight, hearing, smell, and sometimes taste to gather information

6. A possible explanation for observations that relate to a scientific

question is called a(n)

hypothesis

.

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What Is Science? (continued) 7. A hypothesis can be tested by observation or experimentation .

8. Complete the compare/contrast table.

Variables

Type of Variable

Definition

Manipulated variable

Variable that the scientist changes

Responding variable

Variable that changes as a result

9. Is the following sentence true or false? In a controlled experiment,

scientists keep all the variables constant.

false

10. Is the following sentence true or false? Scientists who study processes that take millions of years cannot conduct experiments.

false

11. The facts, figures, and other evidence collected in an experiment are

called

data

.

12. Circle the letter of the units of measurement that are used by scientists worldwide.

a. IS units

b. International units

c. SI units

d. Data units

13. A model that imitates something in the real world is called a(n)

simulation

.

Scientific Laws and Theories (page 16)

14. A statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of conditions is a(n) scientific law .

15. A well-tested scientific concept that explains a wide range of

observations is a(n)

scientific theory

.

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16. Is the following sentence true or false? If tests fail to support a theory,

scientists do more tests until the theory is supported.

false

Laboratory Safety (page 16) 17. Why is it important to follow safe laboratory practices? They protect

everyone from injury and make investigations go more smoothly.

Branches of Science (page 18) 18. What are the four main branches of science? Physical science, Earth

science, life science, and environmental science.

19. Knowledge about Earth and its place in the universe is referred to as

Earth science

.

20. Circle the letter of each kind of work scientists do.

a. Test water supplies

b. Study weather

c. Design safer cars

d. Study rain forests

21. Scientists who study the universe are called

astronomers

.

22. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about environmental scientists. a. They study the effects of using Earth's resources. b. They determine the effects of human activities on the environment. c. They try to solve problems such as pollution. d. They focus on the solar system.

23. Is the following sentence true or false? The branches of science are not

separate from one another.

true

Technology and the Internet (page 19) 24. What are two ways that technology helps scientists? Technology helps

scientists collect and analyze data. It also helps them communicate their

discoveries to other scientists and to the public.

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