Manual of Clinical Nutrition - Compass USA

Manual

of

Clinical Nutrition

Management

2013, 2011, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2003, 2002, 2000, 1997, 1994, 1993, 1991, 1988 by Morrison , Inc (a sector of Compass Group, Inc.). No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from Morrison, Inc.

MANUAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION MANAGEMENT

Table of Contents

I. Normal Nutrition and Modified Diets A. Normal Nutrition .........................................................................................................................

Statement on Nutritional Adequacy..................................................................................................................................A-1 Estimated Energy Requirement (EER): Male and Females Under 30 Years of Age .....................................A-2 Estimated Energy Requirement (EER): Men And Women 30 Years of Age ....................................................A-2 Estimated Calorie Requirements (Kcal): Each Gender and Age Group at Three Levels of Physical

Activity .......................................................................................................................................................................................A-3 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Macronutrients ..................A-4 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins................................A-5 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements ...............................A-6 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Estimated Average Requirements ..............................................................A-7 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Vitamins ................................................A-8 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Elements................................................A-9 Food Fortification and Dietary Supplements .............................................................................................................A-10 Regular Diet ? Adult ..............................................................................................................................................................A-11 High-Protein, High-Calorie Diet .......................................................................................................................................A-13 Nutrition Management During Pregnancy and Lactation ....................................................................................A-14 Nutrition and The Older Adult..........................................................................................................................................A-22 Mechanical Soft (Dental Soft) Diet ..................................................................................................................................A-28 Pureed Diet................................................................................................................................................................................A-30 Nutrition Management of Fluid Intake and Hydration ..........................................................................................A-32 Vegetarian Diets ......................................................................................................................................................................A-36 Kosher Guidelines ..................................................................................................................................................................A-40

B. Transitional Diets .......................................................................................................................

Clear Liquid Diet ........................................................................................................................................................................B-1 Full Liquid Diet ...........................................................................................................................................................................B-3 Full Liquid Blenderized Diet .................................................................................................................................................B-4 Nutrition Management of Dysphagia................................................................................................................................B-6 Dumping Syndrome Diet ..................................................................................................................................................... B-15 Nutrition Management in Bariatric Surgery...............................................................................................................B-17 Specialized Nutrition Support Therapy ........................................................................................................................ B-33 Enteral Nutrition Support Therapy for Adults .......................................................................................................... B-35 Parenteral Nutrition Support for Adults ...................................................................................................................... B-50

C. Modification of Carbohydrate and Fat .................................................................................

Medical Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus........................................................................................................C-1 Medical Nutrition Therapy for Gestational Diabetes ..................................................................................... C-15 Dietary Management With the Exchange System ........................................................................................... C-21

Sugar in Moderation Diet .................................................................................................................................................... C-35 Calorie-Controlled Diet for Weight Management..................................................................................................... C-36 Medical Nutrition Therapy for Disorders of Lipid Metabolism ......................................................................... C-40 Fat-Controlled Diet ................................................................................................................................................................ C-55 Medium-Chain Triglycerides (Mct) ................................................................................................................................ C-57

D. Modification of Fiber..................................................................................................................

Fiber-Restricted Diets............................................................................................................................................................. D-1 High-Fiber Diet .......................................................................................................................................................................... D-4

Dietary Fiber Content of Foods................................................................................................................................D-11 Gastrointestinal Soft Diet ....................................................................................................................................................D-14

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E. Pediatric Diets ................................................................................................................................

Nutrition Management of the Full-Term Infant ...........................................................................................................E-1 Infant Formula Comparison Chart ............................................................................................................................ E-4

Nutrition Management of the Toddler and Preschool Child ..................................................................................E-7 Nutrition Management of the School-Aged Child........................................................................................................E-9 Nutrition Management of the Adolescent.................................................................................................................... E-12 Ketogenic Diet .......................................................................................................................................................................... E-14

F. Modification of Minerals.............................................................................................................

Sodium-Controlled Diet .......................................................................................................................................................... F-1 No Added Salt Diet (4,000-Mg Sodium Diet) ........................................................................................................ F-4 Food Guide -- 3,000-Mg Sodium Diet ..................................................................................................................... F-5 2,000 Mg And 1,500 Mg Sodium Restricted Diet Patterns ............................................................................. F-6 Food Guide -- 1,000-Mg Sodium Diet ..................................................................................................................... F-8

Nutrition Management of Potassium Intake .............................................................................................................. F-10 Potassium Content of Common Foods...................................................................................................................F-11

Nutrition Management of Phosphorus Intake ........................................................................................................... F-12 Phosphorous Content of Common Foods.............................................................................................................F-13

Nutrition Management of Calcium Intake ................................................................................................................... F-14 Calcium Content of Common Foods .......................................................................................................................F-15

G. Modification of Protein ...............................................................................................................

Protein-Controlled Diet for Acute and Refractory Hepatic Encephalopathy ..................................................G-1 Protein-Based Exchanges..............................................................................................................................................G-5

Medical Nutrition Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease ..........................................................................................G-7 Meal Patterns Using Healthy Food Guide............................................................................................................ G-27

Simplified Renal Diet.............................................................................................................................................................G-28

H. Diets for Sensitivity/Miscellaneous Intolerances .............................................................

Gluten-Free Diet ........................................................................................................................................................................ H-1 Food Guide ? Gluten-Free Diet....................................................................................................................................H-6

Tyramine-Restricted Diet ...................................................................................................................................................H-10 Lactose-Controlled Diet .......................................................................................................................................................H-12 Nutrition Management of Food Hypersensitivities.................................................................................................H-16

II. NUTRITION ASSESSMENT/INTERVENTION

Body Weight Evaluation and Indicators of Nutrition-Related Problems ........................................................ II-1 Stature Determination............................................................................................................................................................ II-5 Body Mass Index (BMI).......................................................................................................................................................... II-6 Determining Ideal Body Weight (IBW) Based on Height to Weight: The Hamwi Method...................... II-7 Standard Body Weight (SBW) Determination Based On NHANES II................................................................. II-8 Determination of Frame Size............................................................................................................................................... II-9 Estimation of Ideal Body Weight and Body Mass Index for Amputees ..........................................................II-10 Estimation of Energy Expenditures................................................................................................................................II-12 Estimation of Protein Requirements .............................................................................................................................II-17 Laboratory Indices of Nutritional Status .....................................................................................................................II-18 Classification of Some Anemias........................................................................................................................................II-20 Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes Mellitus .....................................................................................................................II-21 Major Nutrients: Functions and Sources......................................................................................................................II-23 Physical Signs of Nutritional Deficiencies ...................................................................................................................II-26 Food and Medication Interactions ..................................................................................................................................II-27 Herb and Medication Interactions ..................................................................................................................................II-34

III. CLINICAL NUTRITION MANAGEMENT

Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................................................III-1 Anticoagulant Therapy..........................................................................................................................................................III-3 Burns .............................................................................................................................................................................................III-6 Cancer ........................................................................................................................................................................................ III-10 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ................................................................................................................... III-16 Corticosteroid Therapy...................................................................................................................................................... III-20 Monitoring in Diabetes Mellitus..................................................................................................................................... III-21

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Diabetes Mellitus: Considerations for Exercise.............................................................................................. III-23 Diabetes Mellitus: Considerations for Acute Illness..................................................................................... III-25 Diabetes Mellitus: Gastrointestinal Complications....................................................................................... III-27 Diabetes Mellitus: Oral Glucose-Lowering Medications and Insulin .................................................... III-29 Diabetes Mellitus: Fat Replacers and Nutritive/Nonnutritive Sweeteners ....................................... III-32 Dysphagia................................................................................................................................................................................. III-35 Relationship of Dysphagia to the Normal Swallow ...................................................................................... III-37 Enteral Nutrition: Management of Complications ................................................................................................. III-38 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) ................................................................................................................. III-40 Heart Failure........................................................................................................................................................................... III-42 HIV Infection and AIDS....................................................................................................................................................... III-46 Hypertension .......................................................................................................................................................................... III-62 Hypertriglyceridemia ......................................................................................................................................................... III-70 Hypoglycemia ......................................................................................................................................................................... III-72 Inborn Errors of Metabolism........................................................................................................................................... III-74 Iron Deficiency Anemia...................................................................................................................................................... III-77 Nephrotic Syndrome ........................................................................................................................................................... III-79 Obesity and Weight Management ................................................................................................................................. III-81 Pancreatitis.............................................................................................................................................................................. III-89 Parenteral Nutrition (PN): Metabolic Complications ........................................................................................... III-94 Calculating Total Parenteral Nutrition........................................................................................................................ III-99 Peptic Ulcer .......................................................................................................................................................................... III-103 Pneumonia............................................................................................................................................................................ III-104 Pressure Ulcers................................................................................................................................................................... III-106 Management of Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease (Stage V) ......................................... III-110 Nutrition Care Outcomes and Interventions In CKD (Stage V) Renal Replacement Therapy III-116 Wilson's Disease................................................................................................................................................................. III-119

IV. APPENDIX

Caffeine and Theobromine Content of Selected Foods and Beverages ........................................................... IV-1 Metric/English Conversions of Weight and Measures............................................................................................ IV-2 Milligram/Milliequivalent Conversions ........................................................................................................................ IV-2 Salicylate Content of Selected Foods............................................................................................................................... IV-3

INDEX

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