National History Day | NHD
Works Cited Primary Sources“Army Reveals Use of ‘Ghost Army’ in War; Pneumatic Decoys Misled Foe, Won Battles.” New York Times 5 Dec. 1945: n. pag. Print. This article written shortly after the Ghost Army was deactivated, showed us how much the public was able to know. We realized that the people of the United States were not allowed to know all the details of the Ghost Army. The article also gave us a brief overview of the Ghost Army.?Comulada, John R. Company “B” 603d Engineer Camouflage Battalion, SP 23D HQ SP TRS. College Park: NARA, n.d. Print. We got this document courtesy of Jack Masey a Corporal in the Ghost Army.This document let us see an official report for the 23rd Headquarters Special Troops, and what they Ghost Army actually did. On this document was the mission that the 23rd Headquarters Special Troops had to complete, and the equipment that they used for a particular operation.?Fitz, Otis R. Headquarters 603rd Engineer Camouflage Battalion, SP 23d Headquarters Specials Troops APO 655. College Park: NARA, n.d. Print. ?A copy of this document was given to us by Ghost Army veteran Corporal Jack Masey. With this document we were able to read the Ghost Army’s report of operation Brittany. In this document were the names of the Ghost Army members and what they were in charge of for operation Brittany.?“’Ghost Army’ Victories.” Science News-Letter 15 Dec. 1945: 374-75. Print. This article, written in 1945 shortly after the Ghost Army was deactivated, helped us understand how much the public would have been able to know due to leaked articles such as this one. This also had useful information on some of the problems encountered in the early days of the Ghost Army, such as finding the correct material to use for the fake weaponry. This primary article also provided information on where the idea came from and why the unit was needed.Holmen, Orrie J. Headquarters 603rd Engineer Camouflage Battalion. College Park: NARA, n.d. Print. We got this document courtesy of Corporal Jack Masey. This document gave us an insight to the schedule of the everyday in Ghost Army. We were able to compare the Ghost Army’s everyday life to other soldiers of that time. We realized that life in the Ghost Army was similar to any other soldiers, aside from inflating fake tanks. It gave us their everyday schedule and the weekend or holiday bell schedule. ?Jarvie, John. Telephone interview by Molly ?E. McLaughlin and Olivia R. Romig. 16 Dec. 2015. Ghost Army veteran, John Jarvie told us about his personal experiences while in the Ghost Army. His stories helped us to understand what it was like to know that the unit was fake and how much danger and pressure they were under. He told us a story of a battle-front experience, giving us a new outlook on how much danger they were in with no real artillery to defend themselves with. Mr. Jarvie also told us about stories about his comrades and what extremes they would go to just to paint a watercolor. ?He also told us more about how vital the Ghost Army was to Allies in operations such as the Rhine River Crossing and the Battle at Brest.?Masey, Jack. Group Shot of the 603rd Camouflage Engineers Battalion. N.d. Photograph. We got this photo courtesy of Corporal Jack Masey, a member of the 603rd Camouflage Engineer Battalion in the Ghost Army. This photo showed us the size of the 603rd Camouflage Engineer Battalion and the uniforms that the soldiers wore. We were also able to compare the size of the 603rd to other units during World War II.?- - -. Jack Masey in Uniform in Front of Tent. N.d. Photograph. Corporal Jack Masey sent us this photograph after an interview we had with him. This photo of Corporal Masey and his tent showed us the conditions the Ghost Army soldiers lived under.?- - -. Telephone interview. 21 Jan. 2016. Through this interview with Corporal Jack Masey, a Ghost Army veteran, we learned about the everyday life inside of the Ghost Army. For example, he told us about what he ate, where he slept, and what he drew in his free time. He told us about his personal experiences and relationships with other Ghost Army soldiers such as Bill Blass. Masey also told us about the time he spent in Paris and how he took art classes when he was allowed to go into the city.?Seltzer, Gilbert. Telephone interview. 4 Nov. 2015. Seltzer provided us with many stories and a personal insight to how the Ghost Army functioned. He explained to us how the soldiers used the skills they learned in the Ghost Army in their careers after the war. Seltzer shared with us how they had to be careful when moving the inflatable tanks. If the Germans saw four men lifting a tank their cover may have been blown.?Shilstone, Arthur. “The Americans Are Very Strong.” The Ghost Army. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Nov. 2015. <;. Ghost Army veteran, Arthur Shilstone’s artwork helped us understand how the Ghost Army would’ve appear to outsiders and to the enemy. This depiction of the four soldiers picking up the inflatable tank helped us realize how real the tanks appeared to outsiders. The artwork also showed us how the Ghost Army soldiers spent their free time by drawing what was around them.?- - -. Telephone interview by Molly McLaughlin and Olivia Romig. 7 Dec. 2015. Our interview with Private Shilstone provided us with a personal look on the Ghost Army. Arthur told us about his own experiences with various operations such as Operation Viersen which was completed during the Rhine River Crossing. He also told us about the hardships he and his comrades encountered while in the Ghost Army such as the extremely harsh winter weather conditions. Mr. Shilstone’s experiences with the Ghost Army aided us in understanding what the Ghost Army was like from the inside of the unit and knowing that the tanks were fake.?Singer, Arthur. Church in Trevieres. N.d. Illustration. This piece of artwork which was painted by Ghost Army solider Arthur Singer depicted what the soldiers saw while traveling across the French countryside. We also realized how important sketching and painting was to the men because they were surrounded by rubble but still continued to paint.???Skelton, William B. Company “A” 603rd Engineer Camouflage Battalion, SP 23rd HQ SP TRS. College Park: NARA, n.d. Print. This document, courtesy of Corporal Jack Masey, was about the Ghost Army’s Operation Dallas which occurred from November 2, 1944 through November 9, 1944. This report included the difficulties soldiers during the false encounters against the enemy. Problems with the false tanks occurred during some operations. ??Soldier Stenciling Numbers onto Trucks. N.d. Photograph. National Archives and Records Administration. College Park. With this photo we were able to see what the Ghost Army soldiers did to prepare for an operation. The soldiers had to stencil numbers onto vehicles to match the unit they were impersonating next. This photo helped us realize what the soldiers had to do to get ready to exchange deception. We were also able to see the types of vehicles used by the Ghost Army.?Tompkins, Bob. “Bill Blass Riding High.” Ghost Army. N.p., 2013. Web. 12 Nov. 2015. <;. With this primary photo we were able to see the jeeps that the Ghost Army were able to use. We realized what types of vehicles the Ghost Army had access to.?United States. United States Army. 23rd Headquarters Special Troops. Washington: GPO, n.d. Print. The positions of the Ghost Army soldiers and the layout of the unit was detailed in this document. These rosters helped us compile a list of veterans to contact. We also were able to determine their rankings with this document which helped us correctly identify the military rankings of the veterans we interviewed.?Wright, Stanley. Letter. 20 May 1945. MS. This letter written by a Ghost Army soldier to his father during the war, helped us understand how much the soldiers told their families about the top-secret unit at the time. This source also gave us a personal insight to how the men in the unit felt about the unique situation they were in.Secondary SourcesAmbrose, Stephen E. “Eisenhower, the Intelligence Community, and the D-Day Invasion.” Wisconsin Magazine of History 1981: 261-67. Print. This article contained valuable background information on the events prior to the Ghost Army’s first operations. D-Day and Operation Overlord were explained in this article. We learned about what led up to the Ghost Army’s activation and why they were needed.?“The Artist Filled Shadow of World War II.” Hyperallergic. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2015. <;. This website page helped give us a different perspective on the Ghost Army and how some of the operations might not have been as successful as we thought. The 603rd Camouflage Engineers had done other jobs before joining the Ghost Army such as camouflaging military bases in the United States. The 603rd then joined the Ghost Army. This website also included that there were three main units in the Ghost Army the 3132 Signal Service Company Special, 603rd Camouflage Engineers, and the Signal Company Special. The Ghost Army was kept secret because the United States was not sure if these new deception tactics would be used in later wars.Beyer, Rick. “Attack of the Ghost Army.” America in WWII June 2013: n. pag. Print. This magazine article supplied a detailed description of each branch of the 23 Headquarters Special Troops. This article also explained what each individual branch did to help in the over all deception of the Ghost Army. We also gained a better understanding of Ralph Ingersoll’s role in the Ghost Army and how he helped start the idea of the Ghost Army.- - -, dir. The Ghost Army. Film. This documentary provided information on the Ghost Army’s most important operations including Operation Viersen, which occurred at the Rhine River Crossing, Operation Brest which occurred at the Battle for Brest, and Operation Bettembourg which occurred in Luxembourg. Everyday life?inside their camp was also detailed in this documentary. It showed many visual depictions of what the soldiers of the Ghost Army. The unit was vital to the outcome of World War II and this documentary explained the lasting impacts of the Ghost Army and its members.?- - -. Interview by Peter Biello. NHPR. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2016. <;. This interview helped us understand that the Ghost Army soldiers were in a lot of danger. The soldiers were right on the front lines on the battlefield to make the deception look real. This occurred mainly during the Battle for Brest and right before the Battle of the Bulge. Three Ghost Army Soldiers were killed and around 30 of the soldiers were wounded throughout the 21 operations.?- - -. “Remembering Jack Masey.” rickbeyer.. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2016. <;. This obituary of Corporal Jack Masey written by Rick Beyer, the filmmaker and personal friend of Masey, helped us learn more about his life and how he transferred the skills honed in the Ghost Army to his later career. We gained a better understanding of how Ghost Army soldiers experiences affected their later careers.- - -. Telephone interview. N.d. Filmmaker Rick Beyer helped us to understand the dangerous operations the Ghost Army went through to save many lives. He gave us a detailed insight to the revolutionary military tactics used by this unit and how they changed modern warfare. Mr. Beyer also shared with us numerous stories from the veterans of the Ghost Army. He provided a different perspective on how the Ghost Army influenced not only the military tactics used today but how the soldiers in this unit used skills learned in the Ghost Army to have successful careers in their later lives. Beyer also gave us contact information for two veterans. We were able to contact these veterans and have interviews with them.Beyer, Rick, and Elizabeth Sayles. The Ghost Army of World War II: How One Top-Secret Unit Deceived the Enemy with Inflatable Tanks, Sound Effects, and Other Audacious Fakery. New York: Princeton Architectural, 2015. Print. This book not only provided us with information on the operations the Ghost Army completed, it also provided us with many drawings created by the Ghost Army Soldiers. We learned the impact that the Ghost Army had on the soldiers after the war. After reading many stories from veterans in the book we were able to get a personal feel for what it was like to be a part of the Ghost Army.Binkovitz, Leah. “When an Army of Artists Fooled Hitler.” The Smithsonian. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2015. <;. From this article we found the story behind our title, “The Americans Are Very Strong”. When two French cyclyists go for a ride they see four American GI’s picking us a forty-ton Sherman Tank. We also learned that soldiers in General Patton’s Third Army didn’t even know about the Ghost Army. The Ghost Army did such a good job that almost all other soldiers in different Allied troops didn’t know they existed. After the unit was declassified, one soldier was told about the Ghost Army and he didn’t believe it they were a real unit.?“Could Ellsworth Kelly Get a World War II Medal.” Phaidon. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2016. <;. From this article we learned that the Ghost Army set out for Europe in May of 1944. The soldiers in the 603rd would set out fake tanks hoping that the German Spy Planes would see them.Dunnigan, James F., and Albert A. Nofi. Dirty Little Secrets: Military Information You’re Not Supposed to Know. New York: Quill/Morrow, 1992. Print. We used this book to find information on inflatable tanks after World War II. In the book we found out that the military are still using inflatable tanks like the Ghost Army used.?“Episode 16: Show of Force.” 99 percent invisible. Ed. Roman. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2016. <;. With this article we learned that the Ghost Army had a library of sounds of tanks and trucks moving and going over different terrains. No matter where the Ghost Army was they would have the right sounds to play. Due to the new idea of sonic deception, the military made a video to show to high-ranking officers on how sonic deception worked.Garber, Megan. “Ghost Army: The Inflatable Tanks That Fooled Hitler.” The Atlantic. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2016. <;. We learned from this article that the Ghost Army didn’t have anything to do with D-Day and arrived at Omaha Beach two weeks afterward. The Signal Company Special, a branch of the Ghost Army, had “Spoof Radio” which was when the Ghost Army would impersonate real radio calls from the unit they were pretending to be.?Gerard, Philip. Secret Soldiers: How a Troupe of American Artists, Designers, and Sonic Wizards Won World War II’s Battles of Deception against the Germans. New York: Plume, 2003. Print. This book provided a detailed account of the most important operations the Ghost Army completed such as Operation Viersen at the Rhine River Crossing. The detailed operation outlines helped us to better understand how the operations were completed and what the atmosphere of the Ghost Army was during different times throughout the war. The timeline in this book also aided us in listing our events chronologically and understanding what was happening in other parts of the world during the war at the time the Ghost Army was active.?“Ghost Army.” Ghost Army. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Sept. 2015. <;. We found a majority of our pictures at this website. This website also helped us find contact information to interview filmmaker Rick Beyer. We also learned more about how the Ghost Army got started, and their list of operations. On this website it gave many personal veteran stories that we were able to use in our project, and it also gave us valuable information their careers after the war.?“Ghost Army.” Milwaukee Wisconsin Journal Sentinel. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Nov. 2015. <;. This website provided us with many good photos. These photos helped us see some of the patches that the Ghost Army Soldiers were when they were impersonating a unit.?Gold, Sylviane. “The Imprint of a Phantom Army.” New York Times 19 Apr. 2013: n. pag. Print. This article described what the artists did in between operations and how they used their artistic abilities to fool the Germans, day and night. The lives of some of the soldiers after the war and their successful career were outlined in this article. We understood more of the day-to-day life in the camp after reading this article. This article also contained explanations on what inspired the artists to draw while they were in the army.?Hames, Jacqueline M. “Strategic Trickery: The U.S. Army’s Use of Tactical Deception.” Soldiers: n. pag. Print. This magazine article, provided more information on modern day uses of deception and how the Ghost Army was influential to the use of this military tactic. Background information of deception in war and where the idea came from were also described in this passage. We learned information about the idea of deception before, during, and after the Ghost Army was active.Hamner, Christopher. Personal interview. 14 Jan. 2016. This interview with Professor Christopher Hamner helped us better understand the strategies that the Ghost Army used. Mr. Hamner also told us about deception used in wars prior to World War II, such as the Civil War. He also shared with us how some of the techniques the Ghost Army used were used in the Gulf War. We tried to get more information about deception tactics used against the Japanese and the Russians during the Cold War, but he was not able to provide information due to the classified nature of these topics. He explored the ideas of deception that the Ghost Army used to deceive the Germans in World War II.Homes, A. M. “True to Form.” Wmagazine July 2012: n. pag. W. Web. 12 Jan. 2016. <;. From this article we learned that one of the Ghost Army veterans Ellsworth Kelly used the skills he learned in the Ghost Army to paint in his career after the war. He used the skills from painting camouflage in the war to influence his minimlist painting after the war.? “Kuster, King Introduce Legislation to Honor World War II ?‘ Ghost Army’ Veterans, including Keene Native Mickey Mckane.” Congresswoman Ann McLane Cluster. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2016. <;. From this article we learned that the Ghost Army was in operation from June of 1944 all the way through March of 1945. We learned what some of the 23rd Headquarters Special Troops Veterans did after the war, Mickey McKane used some of his skills that he finetuned in his time with the Ghost Army to help Better Homes & Gardens design their ads.?Levine, David. “Histocial Society of Rockland County Unveils Photography Exhibit: World War II Ghost Army 603rd Camouflage Engineers.” Hudson Valley Magazine. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2016. <;. From this article we learned that the Ghost Army would ride through towns multiple times to make it seem like thousands of troops were heading into a city. The soldiers of the 23rd Headquarters Special Troops would sew patches of the army division they were impersonating and then go hangout at cafes and hope that German spies would see them. When the Ghost Army had to move their inflatable tanks they had to do it at night so that noone would see two men carrying a tank.?Moore, Nolan. “The Ghost Army of World War II.” Knowledge Nuts. N.p., 14 Jan. 2014. Web. 29 Dec. 2015. <;. This was our first opportunity to see how important the Ghost Army really was to the out come of the war. The Ghost Army saved around 15,000 to 30,000 lives and this was the first time we had heard that. When the American Ninth Army crossed the Rhine river, the Ghost Army fooled the Germans that were on the opposite side of the river into thinking they were 30,000 men strong. This helped the American Ninth Army cross the Rhine safely.?Neary, Lynn. “Artists of Battlefield Deception: Soldiers of the 23rd.” NPR Books. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2016. <;. The Ghost Army soldiers when they weren’t on an operation were supposed to go to town talk to people and hope that German Spies would retell false information. Not everyone heard that they were supposed to keep it a secret, some of the soldiers told their family and their friends about the 23rd Headquarters Special Troops.Sayles, Elizabeth. Telephone interview. 20 Nov. 2015. This interview with Elizabeth Sayles, daughter of Ghost Army veteran Private William Sayles, gave us an insight to the artistic side of the Ghost Army. Elizabeth Sayles told us many of her father’s personal stories and about his career after the war. She also told us how her father influenced her to draw, and told us about many of her father’s paintings. Elizabeth Sayles also helped us get in touch with another Ghost Army veteran Private Arthur Shilstone.?Shapiro, Stephen, and Tina Forrester. Hoodwinked. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. The World War II deception book provided a detailed overview of all the deception used in World War II, including the Ghost Army. We learned about how the Ghost Army fit in to the plan of deceiving the Germans with the other deception tactics used such as World War II spies. Background information on the planning of the deception was also outlined in this book which helped us understand where the Ghost Army came from.?Shea, Andrea. “‘Artists of Deception’: Fooling the Enemy during WWII.” WBUR Boston NPR News Station. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Oct. 2015. <;. This website provided us with good quality photos, and information about the careers of the Ghost Army Soldiers after the war. Art Kane took the famous A Great Day in Harlem photo, and how some of the soldiers from the Ghost Army went to work on designing dresses for Marilyn Monroe.? ................
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