History Sets You Free – Those who do not know the past are ...



INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS VOCABULARYKey Topic 1: The start of the Cold WarGrand AllianceBritain, the USA and the USSR united to defeat Nazi Germany.Sphere of InfluenceAn area in which a superpower controls smaller countries.Buffer StatesCountries which provide a protective barrier for a larger country.Eastern BlocEastern European countries that were in the USSR’s Sphere of Influence.Tehran Conference28th November 1943 – 1st December 1943. Agreed: 1) US and Britain would open a second front asap, 2) the USSR would help defeat Japan after Germany, 3) Poland would gain land from Germany and lose some to the USSR.The Yalta Conference4th - 11th February 1945. Agreed: 1) Germany would be demilitarised and pay reparations, 2) Countries would choose their own governments, 3) De-Nazification, 4) UN set up, 5) the USSR would help defeat Japan 3 months after the defeat of Germany, 6) Poland would be in the USSR’s Sphere of influence. Death of Roosevelt12th May 1945, succeeded by Harry S TrumanTested A-Bomb16th July 1945 in the Nevada desert the day before Potsdam. Potsdam Conference 17th July – 1st August 1945. Roosevelt had been replaced by Truman, Churchill by Atlee. Agreed: 1) Council of Foreign Ministers set up to re-build Europe, 2) De-Nazification, 3) Reduce the size of Germany, 4) split Germany into 4 zones each occupied by Br, Fr, USA, USSR, 5) divide Berlin into 4 zones, 6) USSR to get reparations from her German zone.ReparationsUSSR to exchange coal (and other raw materials) from her zone with industrial equipment from the other allies three zones. Stalin wanted more than he received. Atomic DiplomacyTruman used the A-bomb as a way to bully the USSR to get what he wanted.Polish GovernmentStalin made the government Communist and broke his promise at Yalta to include other political parties.Greek Civil WarA civil war between Communists and Monarchists emerged. Britain abandoned Greece but the USA moved in and supported the Monarchists against the Communists. The USSR complained to the UN. War of Words 1946 the USA and USSR started to express their hatred of each other.Long Telegram22nd February 1946, George Kennan, a US ambassador in Moscow, sent a telegram home. It said: 1) Stalin wanted to destroy Capitalism, 2) there could be no peace with the USSR, 3) the USSR was re-arming, 4) the USA should ‘contain’ Communism.NOvikov’s TelegramNovikov, Soviet Ambassador to the US sent a telegram home. It said: 1) the USA wanted to dominate the world, 2)Truman did not want to cooperate with the USSR, 3) the people of the USA were being prepared for war.ContainmentA US policy developed after the Long Telegram. It stated that the USA should prevent Communism from expanding.Domino TheoryA US idea that if they allowed one country to become Communist then it would cause another to fall to Communism.Truman Doctrine12th March 1947, Truman made a speech to the US Congress. It stated: 1) the world had to choose between democratic freedom and Communist tyranny, 2) the US had a duty to fight free the world, 3) the US would send money and arms to support countries fighting Communism, 4) Communism should be ‘contained’. IsolationismThe traditional US policy of trying to avoid the problems of the world. The Truman Doctrine marked the end of this. Ideological divisionsCommunism and Capitalism could not work together because they are so different.Marshall Plan (Aid)12th March 1947, George Marshall (USA) offered $13.5 billion to 16 countries (e.g. Britain and France) to become Capitalist, not Communist.Dual StrategyThis was the ‘carrot and stick’ of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan. The doctrine warned of a choice, the plan made one choice attractive.Economic imperialismCreating an empire with your economic power. Satellite StatesSmall countries that are in the Sphere of Influence of a larger country. The USSR made the countries of eastern Europe ‘satellite states’ after the US had given Marshall Aid to the western European countries. Dollar ImperialismThe USA’s method of ‘buying’ influence in western Europe using Marshall Aid. ‘Free’ electionsThis was a way that Stalin took control of the eastern European countries. They rigged elections so that the Communists won. They then followed the USSR. Police stateA country where the police terrorise people into obeying the government. This was how the satellite states of eastern Europe were run. YugoslaviaA Communist country that remained independent of the USSR.AlbaniaCommunists took over in 1945 and became a satellite state.Baltic StatesEstonia, Latvia and Lithuania stopped being countries and were absorbed into the USSR.East GermanyOccupied by the USSR. In 1949 after ‘free’ elections it became Communist.Bulgaria1944 the government was taken over by left wing parties, including Communists. In 1945 after ‘free’ elections it became Communist.HungaryIn 1945 in genuinely free elections some Communists were voted into the government. 1947 a second, ‘free’ election the Communists won. PolandIn genuinely free elections in 1945 some Communists and old government members, who had been exiled in London, gained power. In 1947 after a second ‘free’ election the Communists took power. The old government members (The London Poles) were expelled. RomaniaFebruary 1945 the king was forced to appoint a Communist Prime Minister. ‘Free’ elections in 1947 gave the Communists total control. Czechoslovakia1945 left wing parties, including some Communists took power. In 1946 the Communists lost seats in genuinely free elections. In 1948 the Communists used the army to take over. CominformAKA the Communist Information Bureau, 1947 set up four days after the Marshall Plan. It ensured political control over satellite states. The Cominform made the satellite states reject Marshall Aid. It investigated politicians and removed those who were not loyal to Stalin. It imprisoned 5% of Hungary. French Strike1947 2 million workers in France went on strike calling on their government to reject Marshall Aid. It failed. ComeconAKA: The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, 1949. The Communist alternative to the Marshall Plan. Comecon encouraged economic development in the satellite states. It prevented trade with the west. Two CampsMarshall Aid and then Comecon had turned the spheres of influence into economic alliances. BizoniaJanuary 1947 the British and US merged their zones in Germany.TrizoniaThe French joined their German zone with Bizonia.German ConstitutionBritain, France and the US gave Trizonia a constitution. This made it a real and independent country. This was threatening to the USSR.Deutschmark23rd June 1948 the US created a new currency in Trizonia. This made Trizonia richer than the Soviet zone of Germany. This was threatening to the USSR.Berlin Blockade24th June 1948 – May 1949 (the day after the creation of the Deutschmark) the USSR blocked all routes to West Berlin through their east German zone. West Berlin was unable to get any supplies in.Berlin AirliftIn response to the Berlin Blockade the US and Britain flew supplies into West Berlin. 70 cargo planes flew at first 600 tonnes per month, then 1000 and finally 170,000 tonnes. Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)The new west German state set up by the US in September 1949.German Democratic Republic (GDR)The new east German state set up by the USSR in October 1949. Soviet troops remained in the GDR. Matayas Rakosi‘Stalin’s best pupil’, ‘the Bald Butcher’. Dictator of Hungary from 1949 – 1956.Salami TacticsRakosi’s way of dealing with his opponents, ‘slice by slice’. Killed 2000. De-StalinisationAfter Stalin’s death in 1953 Khrushchev announced that he would not run Communism in the violent ways of Stalin.Secret Speech1956 Khrushchev announced his policy of ‘de-Stalinisation’.Imre NagyBecame Prime Minister of Hungary 1953 – 1955. Expelled. Then reappointed by Khrushchev during the uprising. His reforms went too far and he was hung by the USSR. Bela Kun Led the Communist uprising in Hungary 1919. BudapestCapital of Hungary. Riots on 23rd October 1956 due to food and fuel shortages.16 point list of reformsDemands made by Hungary’s students for changes to the government. Janos KadarSet up a rival government to Nagy in eastern Hungary. Invasion of Hungary4th November 1956 200,000 Soviet troops and 1000 tanks invaded Hungary to support Kadar’s government.Radio Free EuropeUS sponsored radio station which encouraged the Hungarian uprising. 1956 OlympicsSpain, the Netherlands and Sweden boycotted because of the Hungarian invasion. 15 Point programmeKadar published a new programme that his new government would follow. This included:Re-establishment of Communist controlUse Hungarian troops to crush the uprisingStay in the Warsaw PactRemove Soviet troops after the uprising.Cold War - Key Topic 2 – Three Cold War CrisesFlashpointsA?flashpoint?is a dispute that might end in war. There were three that almost ended in nuclear war. The Berlin Crisis, the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Prague Spring. Refugee crisisFrom 1949 – 1958 2.7 million East Germans fled to West Germany through Berlin. This was humiliating for the USSR.Khrushchev’s UltimatumIssued on 10th November 1958. The USA had 6 months to get out of Berlin, or face war.Geneva SummitMay 1959. Representatives of the USSR and USA met in Geneva, Switzerland to discuss a solution the ultimatum that wouldn’t result in war. No solution was agreed.Camp DavidSeptember 1959 Eisenhower and Khrushchev meet for the first time in a face to face meeting. No solution was reached, but the ultimatum was withdrawn.Paris SummitMay 1960. Meeting was a disaster. USSR shot down a USA spy plane and USA refused to apologise for spying on the Soviet Union.Vienna ConferenceJanuary 1961 Kennedy is the new president of the USA. Khrushchev tries to take advantage of Kennedy’s inexperience by renewing his ultimatum.Fallout sheltersBunkers to protect people from a nuclear attack. Kennedy spend $207 million on building them after the Vienna Conference.StalemateA position counting a draw – neither side wins or loses. This was the state of the Cold War from 1958 – 1968 when the three crises threatened to end in war. Berlin Wall12th August 1961. USA refusing to leave, USSR cannot win a nuclear war but need to solve the refugee problem. A wall is built overnight separating East and West Berlin – becomes a symbol of the Cold War.Check point CharlieWhere US and Soviet tanks faced each other whilst the wall was being built. It looked like either side might attack.Kennedy’s visit to Berlin 1963 Kennedy visited Berlin after the wall was built. He gave a speech saying, ‘Ick bin eine Berliner’. He was trying to humiliate the USSR. Arms raceFrom 1945 – 1985 both the USA and USSR raced to build more nuclear weapons.ICBMIntercontinental Ballistic Missile, these could be fired from one continent to another. The USA had 450, the USSR only 76.ABMAnti-Ballistic Missile these could take out ICBMs which meant they ended MAD and encouraged both sides to risk nuclear war. Italian and Turkish basesThe US had nuclear bases in these countries which meant that they could hit the USSR easily. The USSR had no comparable bases.Stockpile a large stock of goods or materials, especially one held in reserve for use at a time of shortage or other emergency.Duck and CoverA rehearsal of what to do in the event of a nuclear attack in the USA.Tsar Bomba(USSR) The largest nuclear bomb ever tested. 100 times more powerful than the atomic bombs used on Hiroshima.B52 BombersThe US plane that could travel long distances. This meant that they could drop nuclear weapons on the USSR. The USSR did not have a long range bomber so could not drop their nuclear weapons on the USA.Ballistic missileNuclear missiles capable of being launched from one continent to another. This meant that neither side needed planes to drop the bombs. Sputnik 11957 the USSR made the first satellite. The USA were scared that the USSR could use this to launch nuclear weapons from space. Red MoonThe USA were scared that the USSR would beat them to space and make the moon CommunistProducing missiles like sausagesThis was a boast that Khrushchev made. He was trying to scare the USA. In reality the USA had more missiles. Cuban Revolution1959 Fidel Castro overthrew the US backed dictator, Batista in Cuba. The USA was furious!Bay of PigsThe CIA tried to overthrow Castro by invading Cuba with 1400 Cuban revolutionaries. It failed as 20,000 Cubans supported Castro. Boycott of Cuban sugarThe USA stopped buying Cuba’s sugar. They had bought 40% of it previously. The boycott threatened to destroy Cuba’s economy. However the USSR started to but the sugar instead. Missiles on CubaAugust 1961 Khrushchev sent nuclear missiles to Cuba. This was so that Cuba could defend itself from another American invasion and so that the USSR could attack the USA easily. San CristobelThe site where the missiles were placed in Cuba.The Thirteen DaysPeriod in 1962 at the height of the Cuban Missile Crisis when there was the greatest threat of Nuclear War.Blockade of CubaTo prevent any more missiles being placed on Cuba Kennedy made a blockade of Cuba using ships. Khrushchev did not want to risk war so he ordered his ships return to the USSR.Secret DealDeal reached between USA and USSR to stop the outbreak of nuclear war. Missiles to be removed from both Cuba and Turkey.HawksPeople in the US government who advocated war with the USSR over Cuba.Doves People in the US government who advocated peace over Cuba. Hotline Direct telephone line between the White House and Moscow. It meant that both sides could talk to each other to avoid nuclear war. Limited Test Ban TreatyAll testing of nuclear weapons in space, sea and above ground is banned signed in 1963 after the Cuban Missile Crisis. Détente Relaxing of tension in the relationship between the USA and USSR between 1963 – 1979. Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)USA and USSR realised that nuclear war would result in destroying both countries. This led to détente as both sides realised that they had to work together to avoid war. France leaves NATOFrance did not want to be caught in a nuclear war between the USA and USSR. They leave NATO and start to develop their own nuclear missiles.Khrushchev replacedKhrushchev was criticised in the USSR for backing down over the Cuban Missile Crisis. He was replaced by Leonid Brezhnev.Antonin Novotny Czech Communist leader who was cruel and unpopular. Replaced by Dubcek on 5th January 1968.Czech Secret PoliceThey made the life of the Czech people miserable by arresting anyone who criticised Communism.Alexander DubcekPopular leader of Czechoslovakia who replaced Novotny. He wanted to make Communism better for the Czech people.Socialism with a human faceThis was Dubeck’s idea to try to make Communism better for the Czech people. Dubcek’s reformsDubcek allowed: press freedom, some capitalism and other political parties into CzechoslovakiaPrague SpringPhrase used to describe the liberal changes brought about by Dubcek from April 1968. This resulted in lots of people writing books and plays that criticised Communism. Milan KunderaWriter who criticised Communism during the Prague SpringVaclav Havel Writer who criticised Communism during the Prague SpringBrezhnev’s DilemmaCzechoslovakia had not tried to leave the Warsaw Pact but Dubcek’s reforms were undermining the USSR’s control over other eastern European countries. Should be invade Czechoslovakia?Persuading DubcekBrezhnev tried to persuade Dubcek to abandon his reforms so that the USSR did not have to invade Czechoslovakia. Brezhnev DoctrineThis stated that they USSR had the right to invade any eastern European country that challenged Communism.Invasion of Czechoslovakia20th August 1968 the USSR invades Czechoslovakia and face non-violent civil disobedience. Dubcek is arrested and censorship is reintroduced.Moscow Protocol Dubcek was forced to sign this saying that he would ‘protect Communism’ by ending his reforms. America’s response to the Prague SpringAmerica did nothing to help the Czechs as they were scared of nuclear war. However they did condemn the invasion. Vietnam WarThe Americans could not risk fighting in Czechoslovakia as they were fighting Communism here.EurocommunismCommunist parties in western European countries were horrified at the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia and invented a new type of CommunismPresident EisenhowerPresident of the USA from 1953-1960President KennedyPresident of the USA from 1961-1963Premier KhrushchevLeader of the Soviet Union from 1955-64Key Topic 3: The End of the Cold WarDétentePolicy to ease the tension between USA and USSR by limiting conflict. Key features of détente are SALT1, Apollo Soyuz Mission, Helsinki Agreements.Outer Space Treaty (1967)1967 – Agreement to stop either superpower placing missiles in outer space and stopped the arms race from spreading.Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (1968)1968 – Agreement that neither power would supply nuclear weapons to other states/help other states develop weapons.SALT 1 and 2Limited the nuclear power of both superpowers. SALT 1 (1972)Stop producing short range missiles strategic ballistic missilesWould not use submarine carrying missiles until all existing missiles obsoleteLimited ABMs to two eachSALT 2 Early agreement 1974 reduce nuclear warheads to 2250Negotiations finally realised in 1979. Delay as West Germany felt vulnerable about arms reduction and American right wing suspicious of change.Strategic Ballistic MissilesShort range, lightweight missilesAnti-Ballistic MissilesWeapons that could shoot down incoming nuclear missiles.Apollo Soyuz (1975)1975 Joint space mission showed both sides could work together.Helsinki Agreements (1975)1975 Representatives from 35 countries agreed to conduct themselves by the same rules on three main issues: security, co-operation, and human rights. Showed cooperation between superpowers and common conduct across the three issues.Kabul Revolution (April 1978)Overthrowing of the government in Afghanistan, first by communist president Taraki and then the take-over by Amin (head of the army) in 1979 Mohammad Taraki Oil Rich Middle EastThe Middle East was a key area in the dominance of each side. Because Afghanistan was ‘oil rich’ is was a source of great power and wealth that the USA did not want the USSR to gain control of. Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979)The Soviets invaded Afghanistan as they did not trust Amin. They did not want the unpopular Amin to be overthrown by Islamic states which might influence nearby Soviet Republics. Soviet troops killed Amin and the Soviets placed Karmal as the new Soviet leader of Afghanistan.Carter DoctrinePresident Carter’s promise that he would not allow USSR to gain control of the Oil Rich Middle East. He did this in three ways;He formed an alliance with china and Isreal to fund Islamic rebel fighters the Mujahideen to fight against Soviet control of AfghanistanStopped virtually all trade with the Soviet UnionEnded diplomatic relations with the Soviet UnionCIACentral Intelligence Agency - collects information from overseas with regards to US National SecurityEconomic sanctionsFinancial Punishment – e.g. stopping tradeDiplomatic relationsCountries trying to work together e.g. through conferences or agreements evident after Afghanistan with the end of détente and SALT 2Olympic Boycott games (1980)Carter boycotted the 1980 Olympic Games held in Moscow. America set up their alternative called the Olympic Boycott games.Second Cold War (1979 – 85)Period that marks renewed tension between the superpowers after détente with tension about nuclear war increasing.Ronald Reagan (1981)New president in 1981. Did not believe in détente. Believed America should fight and WIN the Cold War.Evil Empire Speech (1983)Speech where Reagan stated that the Cold War was a fight between good and evil – it was America’s moral duty to fight.SDIStrategic defence Initiative ‘Star Wars’Planned a ‘nuclear umbrella’ to put lasers in to space to destroy USSR missiles before they reached USA SDI put USA at an advantage and broke the Outer Space Treaty of 1967USSR could not compete as they didn’t have the money or computer technologyGorbachevLast leader of USSR served 1985-1991. Introduced new reforms to try to revive Soviet rule but ultimately saw its collapse.Chernobyl crisis (1986)Explosion at Nuclear power plant in Ulkraine. Gorbachev’s cover story that there had not been a dangerous release of radiation was uncovered by the West.New ThinkingGorbachev’s new thinking was a way of tackling the USSRs problems of a poor economy and growing discontent amongst the people about living under communist rule. His plan was implemented through glasnost and perestroika.Glasnost(openness) censorship of the press to be relaxedPerestroika(restructuring) economic reformsGeneva Summit (1985)The meeting was intended to show Gorbachev that Reagan wanted peace. Gorbachev showed his willingness to work together by sacking Gromyko foreign minister known for aggressive foreign policy before meeting. No agreement made but was the first time they had talked face to face.Reykjavik Meeting (1986)Reagan called the meeting to propose they scrapped ballistic nuclear missiles. Gorbachev wouldn’t agree because Reagan wouldn’t drop SDI.Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) (1987)Treaty eliminated all nuclear missiles with a range of 500-5500 km. First treaty to REDUCE number of missiles they possessed.President George BushBecame president 1989-1993Malta Summit (1989)George Bush and Gorbachev begin work on agreement to limit nuclear weapons.CFE Agreement (1990)This agreement set limits on non-nuclear weapons possessed by NATO and Warsaw Pact countries. Many countries left Warsaw Pact during agreements e.g. Hungary so negotiations were more difficult.START I (1991)Agreement set limits to the number of nuclear weapons each side could have. Reduced nuclear warheads by a third.Withdrawal of Soviet troops and breakup of the Eastern Bloc (1988-1991)Gorbachev’s reforms included withdrawing Soviet troops from Eastern European countries. This saved money, but weakened the hold on the regimes in these countries. Without Soviet military support, these governments collapsed.Fall of the Berlin Wall Freedom of travel announced between East and West Berlin Nov 1989 checkpoints flooded by East Berliners accessing West. Wall physically dismantled and signified to move towards a united Berlin.Democratic electionsWith a weakened Soviet military presence many Eastern Bloc countries announced democratic elections – citizens could choose their government through open voting. Deterioration of Warsaw PactPoland, Hungary, and East Germany had all rejected communism through free elections. The Warsaw Pact, a military pact between communist countries as protection against capitalist states was no longer valid!Gang of Eight coup (1991)Senior government officials tried to overthrow Gorbachev’s government and take back power by declaring a state of emergency to reverse Gorbachev’s reforms. Only lasted three days.Boris YeltsinHelped resist the Gang of Eight coup.Gorbachev’s new constitution (1991)Gorbachev’s last attempt to save the Soviet Union was allowing countries greater independence from the USSR. These countries however now wanted full independence and rejected it.Dissolution of Soviet Union (1991)Official end of the USSR. The States of ‘Soviet’ Russia were now independent and no longer under Soviet rule.& ................
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