Assignment - LIVE



Writing Assignments

Most people find academic writing difficult no matter how much research and preparation they have done, so don’t be put off if you are finding the whole process a little overwhelming at the moment. There are techniques to academic writing that if followed make the whole experience easier.

At the very highest level most pieces of academic writing are organised in a similar way. Whether you are writing a report, essay or literature review the structure of a written academic piece will fall into 3 main sections:

• Introduction

• Body

• Conclusion

The Introduction gives a brief overview of what you are writing about, the main issues and how you plan to address them. Basically what you are going to do in the assignment.

The Body contains the main content of the assignment. Within its structure differences between the form of academic writing will become apparent. For example, a report will have more sub-headings than an essay or literature review.

The Conclusion sums up the main points that you have covered, and identifies any areas for further discussion. No new information should be addressed in a conclusion.

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|Slide 1 |

|Writing Assignments |

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|Different writers will tell you different approaches to writing, however most will include the following 7 steps: |

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|Analyse the question and clarify exactly what you have to do. |

|Research the question. Take notes. Ensure to have a variety of sources of evidence. Be selective with the information that you use. Make sure you keep a record of |

|where the information came from. |

|Organise your information. Construct a plan. Use mind maps if required. |

|Critically reflect on what you have researched. Have you discovered anything new? Do you have enough evidence to prove your point of view? Has your point of view |

|changed? Can you make a clear argument with the information that you have? |

|Write your outline. What are the main topics of discussion? How many words can you use on each topic? |

|Write your draft. Just write - what ever comes to you put it down on paper. You can and will always change it when you review. |

|Final draft-edit, re-edit and continue until you are happy. |

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|Slide 2 |

|Writing Assignments |

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|The following example will take you through the steps mentioned on the previous slide for answering an actual essay question that was presented to students |

|studying on the Graduate Diploma in Professional and Clinical Veterinary Nursing. |

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|The Question: |

|Students will write a short critical evaluation of the evidence available which informs an area of clinical practice. |

|Word Count: 1000 words (excluding references) |

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|What do you think this question is asking for? |

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|Slide 3 |

|Analyse The Question |

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|First you need to analyse the question. You need to determine exactly what you have been asked to do. What directions have you been given? Listed below are a |

|number of commonly used directions in assignments. |

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|Slide 4 |

|Analyse The Question |

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|Identify directions and key words in the question. Highlight if necessary. |

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|Students will be required to write a short critical evaluation of the evidence available which informs an area of clinical practice. |

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|critical evaluation: “weigh arguments for and against something, assessing all evidence. Decide which opinions, theories, models or items are preferable.” This |

|means not taking information at face value, but rather looking closely at the information and considering both its strengths and weaknesses. |

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|evidence available … clinical practice: what information is available that proves or disproves a train of thought about an area of clinical practice. |

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|Slide 5 |

|The Question |

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|To put the question simply, the student is asked to: |

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|Choose an area of clinical practice |

|Research this area of clinical practice |

|Consider all information being presented in the research and consider the arguments for and against the evidence about it. |

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|A hint here would be to choose an area of clinical practice that was of particular interest to you. This will make the assignment more interesting to you and the |

|task at hand will seem a lot easier. |

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|For purposes of this exercise we have provided a copy of a student's response to the posed assignment. Tutor comments have been included to show you where the |

|assignment could have been improved. |

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|Slide 6 |

|Research the question |

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|Once the area of clinical practice has been chosen you need to do some |

|research. Use a variety of appropriate information sources. This means not just |

|relying on one source. Use textbooks, journal articles and the web. The more |

|you read the wider your evidence base should be. |

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|Keep notes when you are reading, making sure that you keep a record of where the notes have come from. |

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|Weigh up the evidence that you have read. Ensure to consider both its merits and its shortcomings. Are there a number of different avenues of thought? |

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|Critical Evaluation: “Involves a close reading of materials and a weighing of evidence in order to discern what information is reliable and what information is |

|less credible. This means that you should not take information at face value, but instead analyze the information considering both its merits and its |

|shortcomings”. |

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|Slide 7 |

|Research the question |

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|In the example assignment the Reference list demonstrates that the student has used 2 sources of information. This would generally not be considered a wide |

|evidence base. However the student has stated in the essay that a relatively small amount of literature was available and did list a wide range of journals where |

|s/he searched for evidence. |

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|Barker, P., Anderson, A. & MacFie, J. (2004) Randomized clinical trial of elective re-siting of intravenous cannulae. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of |

|England. 86, 281-283. |

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|Mathews, K., Brooks, M. & Valliant, A. (1996) A prospective study of intravenous catheter contamination. The Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care. |

|6:1, 33-43 |

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|Slide 8 |

|Organise the information |

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|Organise the information that you have gathered. Use mind maps and start to construct an initial plan/outline for your assignment. The example provided |

|demonstrates how a mind map could have been constructed for this assignment. |

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|Slide 9 |

|Critically Reflect |

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|Critically reflect on what you have researched. What has the evidence suggested? |

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|In the example assignment the author has stated that even though an extensive search was completed the evidence base is very limited. S/he has stated that the |

|study by Barker et al (1996) was subjective and questioned if the data was accurate and then proceeded to explain why. This demonstrates the author has made some |

|attempt to critically evaluate the evidence. |

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|Slide 10 |

|Create an outline |

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|Write the outline. A suggested outline for this topic taking into consideration the mind map could be: |

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|Introduction - every essay has an introduction |

|What evidence was researched - what authors |

|Mathews et al. (1996) - veterinary focus |

|Barker et al. (2004) - human focus |

|So what - what does the author make of the research |

|Conclusion - brings a sense of closure to the assignment - no new information to be included here |

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|Slide 11 |

|Write the first draft |

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|Start writing. Some writers suggest starting with the body of the assignment. The paragraphs in the body should take the reader step by step through the argument. |

|Each paragraph should have its own main idea. |

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|Write the introduction. The introduction should provide a brief background to the topic, have a thesis statement indicating your viewpoint and describe how you are|

|going to support your thesis. |

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|Write the conclusion. The conclusion will summarise the main points of the assignment. It may outline any implications for further research. No new information |

|should be included in this section. |

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|Slide 12 |

|Review, Review, Review |

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|Review your assignment till you have a final draft. The final draft of this student's essay has been provided. Please take some time to read the example. The |

|lecturer’s comments have also been included in this example so you are able to see where this assignment could have been improved. |

|If you have time it is always a good idea to leave your assignment for a couple of days before you make your final draft. This will allow you to view the |

|assignment with a fresh mind. |

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|Slide 13 |

|Assignment |

|You have come to the end of the essay section |

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|Slide 1 |

|Case Reports |

|A case report is similar to an essay in that both need: |

|formal style |

|introduction, body and conclusion |

|analytical thinking |

|careful proof-reading and neat presentation |

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|The purpose of a case report differs from an essay because in a case report you must demonstrate your commitment to increasing your level of knowledge and |

|understanding, and show how you have integrated knowledge and understanding of a subject into your clinical practice. |

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|Slide 2 |

|Writing a case report |

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|Academic style and presentation |

|Use appropriate language and vocabulary - as with any other academic writing you should use a formal style. |

|In a report you should write in the third person and in the past tense, as you are reporting on something which has already happened. |

|Use headings so your work is presented in a logical and organised form. |

|The discussion section should occupy at least 50% of your word count. The information prior to this section is largely descriptive and concise. The discussion |

|section allows analysis of salient issues and should demonstrate an application of the knowledge you have gained to the practical aspects of providing veterinary |

|nursing care. |

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|Slide 3 |

|Guidelines |

|Adhere to any specific guidelines you are given. However, there are general conventions that should be followed when writing case reports and those provided for |

|the Graduate Diploma in Professional and Clinical Veterinary Nursing are a good example: |

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|Case reports are pieces of scientific writing and should ideally follow the writing style of case reports in refereed journals. They should include: |

|Patient details (but ensure client confidentiality) |

|Brief applicable history |

|Initial evaluation of the patient including physical examination findings |

|Very brief description of diagnostic test(s) performed and significant results |

|Therapeutic protocols instigated (including brief description of veterinary care instigated) |

|Supportive care provided throughout veterinary intervention (this should demonstrate depth of knowledge and be justifiable) |

|Communication/education of client |

|Discussion - justification for choice of veterinary nursing procedure(s) - a discussion as to why particular nursing intervention was instigated and evidence to |

|support the clinical conclusions and justify clinical decisions. |

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|Slide 4 |

|A Case Report |

|The following example will take you through the process of writing a case report. |

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|Guidelines given to the student: |

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|Extended case reports |

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|Using the given style learners are required to produce two extended case reports on patients they have nursed. The role of the nurse in patient care must be |

|highlighted and clearly discussed in the case report. The discussion section of the case report will form the main section of the report and should demonstrate |

|comparison of clinical practice to current literature and the application of knowledge to improve clinical practice. |

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|Word Count: 1500 for each report (excluding references) |

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|Slide 5 |

|Analyse the question |

|As with an essay question identify directions and key words. Highlight if necessary. |

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|Using the given style learners are required to produce two extended case reports on patients they have nursed. The role of the nurse in patient care must be |

|highlighted and clearly discussed in the case report. The discussion section of the case report will form the main section of the report and should demonstrate |

|comparison of clinical practice to current literature and the application of knowledge to improve clinical practice. |

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|role of the nurse in patient care: The focus of the report should be about the role of the nurse, not the veterinary surgeon or the owner. These areas can be |

|included but should not form the main body of the report. |

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|demonstrate: This is a reporting verb that requires you to use factual terms to describe and explain something. |

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|comparison…..clinical practice…..current literature…..application of knowledge: These are the key words telling you what should be covered in the discussion. |

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|Slide 6 |

|Analyse the question (continued) |

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|To put the question simply, the students are asked to: |

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|Choose a case where they have been personally involved in the nursing. |

|Research this area of clinical practice. |

|Consider all information being presented and compare the clinical practice with the literature and how that knowledge is being applied. |

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|To help with writing the case report you should select a case which is sufficiently complex to allow adequate analysis but remember that assessment is based on how|

|you managed and evaluated the veterinary intervention rather than the unusualness of the case. |

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|Slide 7 |

|Research |

|You are asked to compare current literature with clinical practice, so once you have decided on your case you will need to do some research. |

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|Just like when you are writing an essay use a variety of appropriate information sources. This means not just relying on one source. Use textbooks, journal |

|articles and the web. The more you read the wider your evidence base will be. |

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|Keep notes when you are reading, making sure that you keep a record of where the notes have come from. |

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|Consider the evidence that you have made notes on. You are asked to compare current literature so ensure that is what you have compiled. |

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|All your sources should be appropriately referenced at the end of your report. Late in this section an example will be provided where you will see that the |

|student has produced an extensive reference list. |

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|Slide 8 |

|Organisation of your report |

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|Use headings so your work is presented in a logical and organised form. |

|In the example provided the following headings have been used: |

|Signalment |

|Major Problem List |

|History |

|Physical Examination |

|Initial Treatment |

|Diagnostic tests |

|Ongoing treatment |

|Nursing considerations |

|Patient outcome |

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|These headings help the student to structure the report in a logical order and help to ensure that all the relevant information is included. These headings are |

|not the only ones which could have been selected. Some students may choose to adapt the points from the guidelines to produce headings. |

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|Making a list of headings can provide an outline for your report. Don’t worry if you need to adjust these headings later. |

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|Slide 9 |

|Writing the report |

|Start with a draft, just like with any other piece of academic writing you will make drafts and revise them. |

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|Write something for each of the headings you chose for the outline. Remember the discussion should be the bulk of your report so just give the necessary details |

|about the patient. |

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|When you have completed it check over the guidelines and compare them to your report. Ask yourself if you have complied with these. If not, make necessary |

|adjustments. Ensure your headings are appropriate and will help the reader identify different sections of your report. |

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|Take the time to check through the report several times - you may pick up different errors in each reading. |

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|For purposes of this exercise we now provide an actual copy of a student’s case report that addresses the question that we have been looking at. The PDF we provide|

|is the final version of the case report submitted by the student. We have included comments from the lecturer so you can see where the report could have been |

|improved. Download provided online |

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|Slide 10 |

|Writing the report |

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|You have come to the end of the report writing section |

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|Slide 1 |

|Referencing |

|You are at the point where you a have written your assignment. Whether it is a case report, essay or any other type of written work you will need to provide |

|evidence to show where you obtained your information and how you developed your own ideas. We touched on referencing in the summarise section. It was explained |

|that if you use other people’s ideas in your work and don't give them recognition then this is considered plagiarism, a very serious offence. |

|There are a number of different referencing styles that you can follow. The Harvard System of Referencing is one that is often required in academic institutes. |

|An excellent guide for Harvard Referencing can be found at |

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|Although you are not required to remember the entire Harvard Referencing System, it is a good idea to have a guide handy at all times when producing a reference |

|list. Referring to this guide will help ensure that your reference list adheres to the Harvard System. |

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|Slide 2 |

|Referencing Exercise |

|Imagine your notes show that you have used information from the following sources in your assignment. |

|The article has come from The Journal of Animal Welfare - The volume was 15 and it was published in 2006. The pages that the article appear on are 161 -171. The |

|title of the article is: ‘Acute effects of cage cleaning at different frequencies on laboratory rat behaviour and welfare’. It was written by C.C. Burn, A. Peters|

|and G.J. Mason. |

|The text book that you obtained information from was ‘The complete handbook of veterinary nursing’. It was written by Victoria Aspinall. It was published in 2006 |

|by Butterworth-Heinemann in Massachusetts. |

|The website for the American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association was where you obtained the information. The page is available online at |

| . The title of the article is called ‘The general care of pet rats and mice’ and was written in 2001. It was further updated on |

|18th December 2009. You accessed on 25th January 2010. |

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|Write a reference list in the Harvard style that you would include at the end of this assignment. |

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|Slide 3 |

|Referencing Exercise |

|The reference list should be as follows: |

|Roll your mouse over each reference for a brief explanation. |

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|References |

|American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association (AFRMA). 2001. The general care of pet rats and mice. [Online] (Updated 18 Dec 2009) |

|Available at: [Accessed 25 Jan 2010] |

|Website references should be in the following format (where underlining, italics and different types of brackets are used this is expected in the reference list): |

|Authorship or Source, Year. Title of web document or web page. [Medium] Available at: include web site address/URL and additional details such as access or routing|

|from the home page of the source. [Accessed date]. |

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|Aspinall, V., 2006. The complete handbook of veterinary nursing. Massachusetts: Butterworth-Heinemann |

|Textbook references need to include the following information in this format: |

|Author, Year. Title of book. Edition (only include this if not the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher. |

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|Burn, C.C., Peters, A. and Mason, G.J., 2006. Acute effects of cage cleaning at different frequencies on laboratory rat behaviour and welfare. Animal Welfare,15, |

|pp.161 -171 |

|Journal references require the following elements in this format: |

|Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, Volume number (Issue/Part number if applicable), Page numbers. |

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|Slide 4 |

|Referencing |

|That's the end of the referencing section. Referencing should always be done correctly in the work that you submit. It is not easy to remember the pattern required|

|for different document types. Therefore when citing references in the text of your assignment and compiling your reference list, it is a good idea to have a copy |

|of a Harvard referencing guide to hand. This way you can check it is right, by matching the type of source you have used to the pattern required for each |

|reference. |

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|A comprehensive guide for all source types can be found at: |

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