हिन्दी साहित्य- सीमांचल
Oriya language
|Oriya |
|ଓଡ଼ିଆ odiā |
|Spoken in |India | |
|Region |Orissa |
|Total speakers |31 million (1996) |
|Ranking |31 (1996) |
|Language family |Indo-European |
| |Indo-Iranian |
| |Indo-Aryan |
| |Eastern Group |
| |Oriya group |
| |Oriya |
|Writing system |Oriya script |
|Official status |
|Official language in|[pic]Orissa |
|Regulated by |No official regulation |
|Language codes |
|ISO 639-1 |or |
|ISO 639-2 |ori |
|ISO 639-3 |ori |
|Linguasphere | |
|[pic] |
|Distribution of native Oriya speakers in India |
|[pic] |
|This page contains Indic text. Without rendering support you may see irregular vowel |
|positioning and a lack of conjuncts. More... |
| |
Oriya or Odia (ଓଡ଼ିଆ oṛiā) is an Indian language, belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family. It is mainly spoken in the Indian state of Orissa. The language is also one of the many official languages in India.
[pic]Overview
Oriya, also known as Odia, is the predominant language of Orissa (now unofficially known as Odisha), where Oriya speakers comprise around 83.33% of the population according to census surveys.
Oriya language in neighbouring states and in other linguistics regions
Outside Orissa, there are also significant Oriya-speaking populations in other linguistic regions, such as the Midnapore District of West Bengal, the Singhbhum, Seraikela Kharsawan district, Ranchi District of Jharkhand, the Srikakulam, Vizianagaram & Vishakhapatnam District of Andhra Pradesh,eastern districts of Chhattisgarh state. Due to the increasing migration of labour, the west Indian state of Gujarat also has a significant Oriya speaking population with Surat being the second largest Oriya speaking city in India.The Oriya speaking people also found in significant numbers in the cities of Vishakhapatnam, Hyderabad, Pondicherry, Bangalore, Chennai, Goa, Mumbai, Raipur, Jamshedpur, Baroda, Ahmedabad, New Delhi, Kolkata, Kharagpur, Guwahati, etc. in India.
Oriya language in foreign countries
The diasporic Oriyas constitute sizeable number in several countries around the world. They are significant in number in countries such as Bangladesh, Indonesia, Java, Sumatra and Bali and in the western countries such as United States, Canada, Australia and England. Oriyas are regarded as one of the ‘Transnational Ethnic Indian Groups’. In India, the language is spoken by over 31 million people, and globally over 45 million speak Oriya. It is one of the official languages of India and the major language of Orissa. Oriya language has spread to the other parts of the globe such as Burma, Malaysia, Fiji, Indonesia, Java, Sumatra, the USA, UK, Canada, Australia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and UAE.
Major dialects
• Midnapori Oriya: (spoken in the Midnapore District of West Bengal)
• Singhbhumi Oriya: Spoken in East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum and Saraikela-Kharsawan district of Jharkhand
• Balasori Oriya : (spoken in Balasore, Bhadrak and Mayurbhanj district of Orissa)
• Ganjami Oriya:(spoken in Ganjam and Gajapati districts of Orissa & Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh)
• Kalahandia Language or Kalahandia Oriya:Spoken in Kalahandi district of Orissa
• Desiya Oriya: Spoken in Koraput, Rayagada, Nowrangpur and Malkangiri Districts of Orissa and in the hilly regions of Vishakhapatnam, Vizianagaram District of Andhra Pradesh.
• Sambalpuri oriya : Spoken in Sambalpur, Debagarh Sundargarh, Bolangir, Jharsuguda, Subarnapur, Boudh, and Bargarh districts of Orissa and Raigarh, Bilaspur, Jashpur districts of Chhattisgarh state.
• Bhatri:Spoken in South-western Orissa and eastern-south Chhattisgarh.
Oriya is written with the Oriya script.The Oriya spoken in undivided Cuttack, Puri, and Dhenkanal district is known as Mughalbandi Oriya or Standard Oriya with little variance. Standard Oriya is spoken as a mother tongue by nearly thirty one per cent of the population of Orissa and the rest speak Standard Oriya either as a second language or third language.
History
Oriya is an Eastern Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-Aryan language family. It also is the closest language to Sanskrit in terms of pronunciation. It is thought to be directly descended from the Prakrit known as Purva Magadhi that was spoken in eastern India over 1,500 years ago. It bears a very strong resemblance to the Bengali, Maithili, and Assamese. Of all the languages spoken in eastern India, Oriya appears to be the least influenced by Persian and Arabic.
The history of the Oriya language is divided into:
• Old Oriya (7th century-1200): The origin of the Oriya literature can be traced to "Bauddha Gana O Doha", otherwise known as Charyapada written by the Buddhist Siddhas of Orissa. The Oriya language begins to appear in inscriptions with Oriya scripts in temples, copper plates, palm-leaf manuscripts etc. Traces of Oriya words and expressions have been found in inscriptions dating from the 7th century AD. For example, the Oriya word କୁମ୍ଭାର /kumbha:rɔ/ ‘potter’ occurs in a copperplate inscription ‘belonging to a date not later than the 7th century AD’. Similarly, in inscriptions of 991 AD, Oriya words like ଭିତୁରୁ /bhituru/ ‘from inside’ and ପନ୍ଦର /pɔndɔrɔ/ ‘fifteen’ can be found. ‘An Oriya Passage’ also has been found in another inscription of about 715 AD.
• Early Middle Oriya (1200–1400): The earliest use of prose can be found in the Madala Panji or the Palm-leaf Chronicles of the Jagannatha temple at Puri, which date back to the 12th century.
• Middle Oriya (1400–1700): Mahabharat, Chandi Puran, Vilanka Ramayan of Shudramuni Sarala Das. Arjuna Das, a contemporary to Sarala Dasa, wrote Rama-Bibha, a significant long poem in Oriya. Towards the 16th century, five poets emerged, though there are hundreds year gap in between them. But they are known as Panchasakha's as they believed to same school of thought, Utkaliya Vaishnavism. The poets are Balaram Das, Jagannath Das, Achyutananda Das, Ananta Das and Jasobanta Das.
• Late Middle Oriya (1700–1850): Usabhilasa of Sisu Sankara Das, the Rahasya-manjari of Deva-durlabha Dasa and the Rukmini-bibha of Kartikka Das were written. A new form of novels in verse evolved during the beginning of the 17th century when Ramachandra Pattanayaka wrote Haravali. Upendra Bhanja took a leading role in this period, his creations were Baidehisha Bilasa, Koti Brahmanda Sundari, Lavanyabati were proved landmark in Oriya Literature. Dinakrushna Das’s Rasokallola and Abhimanyu samanta Simhara’s Bidagdha Chintamani are prominent Kavyas of this time. Four major poets emerged in the end of the era are Kabi surya Baladeb Rath,Santha Kabi or Andha Muni Bhima Bhoi, Brajanath Badajena and Gopal Krushna Pattanaik.
• Modern Oriya (1850 till present day): The first Oriya printing typeset was cast in 1836 by the Christian missionaries which made a great revolutions in Oriya literature and language.
Ancient Form of Oriya Language in 2nd Century BC Rock edict King Ashoka
The script in the edicts of Ashoka in 2nd century BC at Dhauli and Jaugada and the inscriptions of Kharavela in Hati Gumpha of Khandagiri give us the first glimpse of possible origin of Oriya language. From the point of view of language, the inscriptions of Hati Gumpha are near modern Oriya and essentially different from the language of the Ashokan edicts. A point has also been made as to whether Pali was the prevalent language in Orissa during this period. The Hati Gumpha inscriptions, which are in Pali, are perhaps the only evidence of stone inscriptions in Pali. This may be the reason why the famous German linguist Prof. Oldenburg mentioned that Pali was the original language of Orissa.
Traces of Oriya words and expressions have been found in inscriptions dating from the 7th century AD. For example, the Oriya word କୁମ୍ଭାର /kumbha:rɔ/ ‘potter’ occurs in a copperplate inscription ‘belonging to a date not later than the 7th century AD’. Similarly, in inscriptions of 991 AD, Oriya words like ଭିତୁରୁ /bhituru/ ‘from inside’ and ପନ୍ଦର /pɔndɔrɔ/ ‘fifteen’ can be found. ‘An Oriya Passage’ also has been found in another inscription of about 715 AD.[1]
Charyapada of 8th Century and its affinity with Oriya language
The beginnings of Oriya poetry coincide with the development of Charya Sahitya, the literature thus started by Mahayana Buddhist poets. This literature was written in a specific metaphor named “Sandhya Bhasha” and the poets like Luipa, Kanhupa are from the territory of Orissa. The language of Charya was considered as Prakrita. In one of his poems, Kanhupa wrote:
"Your hut stands outside the city
Oh, untouchable maid
The bald Brahmin passes sneaking close by
Oh, my maid, I would make you my companion
Kanha is a kapali, a yogi
He is naked and has no disgust
There is a lotus with sixty-four petals
Upon that the maid will climb with this poor self and dance."
The language of Kanhupa's poetry has strange resmblence with modern Oriya language. For example :
"Ekaso padumo chowshathi pakhudi
Tahin chadhi nachao dombi bapudi"
Padumo (Padma:Lotus), Chowshathi (64), Pakhudi (petals) Tahin (There), Chadhi (rise) nachao (to dance) Dombi (a female of Orissa from untouchable caste), Bapudi (a very colloqual Oriya language to apply as 'poor fellow').
or
"Hali Dombi,Tote puchhami sadbhabe.
Isisi jasi dombi kahari nabe."
These poems needn't require any translation in modern Oriya dilects.
Poet Jayadeva's literary contribution
Jayadeva was a Sanskrit poet. He was born in an Utkala Brahmin family of Puri in circa 1200 AD. He is most known for his composition, the epic poem Gita Govinda, which depicts the divine love of the Hindu deity Krishna and his consort, Radha, and is considered an important text in the Bhakti movement of Hinduism. About the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th, the influence of Jayadeva's literary contribution changed the pattern of versification in Oriya.
Literature
The history of Oriya literature begins in the 14th century, with the great poet Sarala Dasa's works Chandi Purana and Vilanka Ramayana, in praise of the goddess Durga. Rama-bibaha, written by Arjuna Dasa, was the first long poem written in the Oriya language.
The following era is termed the Panchasakha Age and stretches until the year 1700. The period begins with the writings of Shri Chaitanya whose Vaishnava influence brought in a new evolution in Oriya literature. Notable religious works of the Panchasakha Age include the Balarama Dasa, Jagannatha Dasa, Yasovanta, Ananta and Acyutananda. The authors of this period mainly translated, adapted, or imitated Sanskrit literature. Other prominent works of the period include the Usabhilasa of Sisu Sankara Dasa, the Rahasya-manjari of Deva-durlabha Dasa and the Rukmini-bibha of Kartikka Dasa. A new form of novels in verse evolved during the beginning of the 17th century when Ramachandra Pattanayaka wrote Haravali. Other poets like Madhusudana, Bhima, Dhivara, Sadasiva and Sisu Isvara-dasa composed another form called kavyas (long poems) based on themes from Puranas, with an emphasis on plain, simple language.
However, during the Bhanja Age (also known as the Age of Riti Yuga) beginning with turn of the 18th century, verbally tricky Oriya became the order of the day. Verbal jugglery, obscenity and eroticism characterise the period between 1700–1850, particularly in the works of the era's eponymous poet Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja (1670–1720). Bhanja's work inspired many imitators of which the most notable is Arakshita Das. Family chronicles in prose relating religious festivals and rituals are also characteristic of the period.
The first Oriya printing typeset was cast in 1836 by Christian missionaries. Although the handwritten Oriya script of the time closely resembled the Bengali and Assamese scripts, the one adopted for the printed typesets was significantly different, leaning more towards the Tamil script and Telugu script.
Oriya has a rich literary heritage dating back to the thirteenth century. Sarala Dasa who lived in the fourteenth century is known as the Vyasa of Orissa. He translated the Mahabharata into Oriya. In fact, the language was initially standardised through a process of translating classical Sanskrit texts such as the Mahabharata, Ramayana and Srimad Bhagabatam. The translation of the Srimad Bhagabatam by Jagannatha Das was particularly influential on the written form of the language. Oriya has had a strong tradition of poetry, especially devotional poetry.
Other eminent Oriya poets include Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja and Kabi Surya Bala Dev Ratha.
[pic]
[pic]
Fakir Mohan Senapati
Prose in the language has had a late development.
Three great poets and prose writers, Kabibar Radhanath Ray (1849–1908), Fakir Mohan Senapati (1843–1918) and Madhusudana Rao (1853–1912) made Oriya their own. They brought in a modern outlook and spirit into Oriya literature. Around the same time the modern drama took birth in the works of Rama Sankara Ray beginning with Kanci-Kaveri (1880).
One of the prominent writers of 19th and 20th century was Mr. Muralidhar Mallick(1927–2002). His contribution to Historical novels is beyond words. He was last felicitated by the Sahitya Academy in the year 1998 for his contributions to Oriya literature. His son Dr.Khagendranath Mallick(1951-) is also a well known writer of the 20th and the 21st century. His contribution towards Poetry, Criticism, Essays, Story and novels is commendable. He was the former President of Utkal Kala Parishad and also former President of Orissa Geeti Kabi Samaj. Presently he is a member of the Executive Committee of Utkal Sahitya Samaj.Another illustrious writer of the 20th century was Mr. Chintamani Das. A noted academician, he was written more than 40 books on fiction, short stories, biographies, storybooks for children. Born in 1903 in Sriramachandrapur village under Satyabadi block, Chintamani Das is the only writer who has written biographies on all the five 'Pancha Sakhas' of Satyabadi namely Pandit Gopabandhu Das, Acharya Harihara, Nilakantha Das,Krupasindhu Mishra and Pandit Godabarisha. Having served as the Head of the Oriya department of Khallikote College, Berhampur,Chintamani Das was felicitated with the Sahitya Akademi Samman in 1970 for his outstanding contribution to Oriya literature in general and Satyabadi Yuga literature in particular. Some of his well-known literary creations are 'Bhala Manisha Hua', 'Manishi Nilakantha', 'Kabi Godabarisha', 'Byasakabi Fakiramohan', 'Usha', 'Barabati'.
20th century writers in Oriya include Pallikabi Nanda Kishore Bal (1875–1928), Gangadhar Meher (1862–1924), Chintamani Mahanti and Kuntala-Kumari Sabat Utkala-Bharati, besides Niladri Dasa and Gopabandhu Das (1877–1928). The most notable novelists were Umesa Sarakara, Divyasimha Panigrahi, Gopala Praharaja and Kalindi Charana Panigrahi. Sachi Kanta Rauta Ray is the great introducer of the ultra-modern style in modern Oriya poetry. Others who took up this form were Godabarisa Mohapatra, Dr Mayadhara Manasimha, Nityananda Mahapatra and Kunjabihari Dasa. Prabhasa Chandra Satpathi is known for his translations of some western classics apart from Udayanatha Shadangi, Sunanda Kara and Surendranatha Dwivedi. Criticism, essays and history also became major lines of writing in the Oriya language. Esteemed writers in this field were Professor Girija Shankar Ray, Pandit Vinayaka Misra, Professor Gauri Kumara Brahma, Jagabandhu Simha and Hare Krushna Mahatab. Oriya literature mirrors the industrious, peaceful and artistic image of the Oriya people who have offered and gifted much to the Indian civilization in the field of art and literature. Now Writers Manoj Das's creations motivated & inspired people towards a possitive lifestyle .Distinguished prose writers of the modern period include Fakir Mohan Senapati, Madhusudan Das, Godabarisha Mohapatra, Kalindi Charan Panigrahi, Surendra Mohanty, Manoj Das, Kishori Charan Das, Gopinath Mohanty, Rabi Patnaik, Chandrasekhar Rath, Binapani Mohanty, Jagadish Mohanty, Sarojini Sahoo, Yashodhara Mishra, Ramchandra Behera, Padmaja Pal. But it is poetry that makes modern Oriya literature a force to reckon with. Poets like Kabibar Radhanath Ray, Sachidananda Routray, Guruprasad Mohanty, Soubhagya Misra, Ramakanta Rath, Sitakanta Mohapatra , Rajendra Kishore Panda, Pratibha Satpathy have made significant contributions towards Indian poetry.
Phoneme inventory
Oriya has 28 consonant phonemes and 6 vowel phonemes.
|Vowels |
| |Front |Back |
|High |i |u |
|Mid |e |o |
|Low |a |ɔ |
|Consonants |
| |Labial |Dental |Alveolar |Retroflex |Palatal |Velar |Glottal |
|Voiceless stops |p |t̪ | |ʈ |t͡ʃ |k | |
| |pʰ |t̪ʰ | |ʈʰ |t͡ʃʰ |kʰ | |
|Voiced stops |b |d̪ | |ɖ |d͡ʒ |ɡ | |
| |bʱ |d̪ʱ | |ɖʱ |d͡ʒʱ |ɡʱ | |
|Voiceless fricatives | | |s | | | |h |
|Nasals |m | |n |ɳ | | | |
|Liquids | | | | | | | |
Oriya alphabet [pic]
Origin
The Oriya script developed from the Kalinga script, one of the many descendents of the Brahmi script of ancient India. The earliest known inscription in the Oriya language, in the Kalinga script, dates from 1051.
The curved appearance of the Oriya script is a result of the practice of writing on palm leaves, which have a tendency to tear if you use too many straight lines.
Notable features
• Type of writing system: syllabic alphabet in which all consonants have an inherent vowel. Diacritics, which can appear above, below, before or after the consonant they belong to, are used to change the inherent vowel.
• When they appear the the beginning of a syllable, vowels are written as independent letters.
• When certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used which combine the essential parts of each letter.
• Direction of writing: left to right in horizontal lines.
Used to write:
Oriya, an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 31 million people mainly in the Indian state of Orissa, and also in West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Gujarat. Oriya is closely related to Bengali and Assamese.
Also used to write a number of the other languages spoken in Orissa and Sanskrit.
Oriya alphabet
Vowels and vowel diacritics with k
[pic]
Consonants
[pic]
Some conjunct consonants
[pic]
Numerals
[pic]
Sample text
[pic]
Oriya script
|Oriya |
|[pic] |
|Type |Abugida |
|Spoken languages|Oriya |
|Time period |c. 1060–present |
|Parent systems |Proto-Sinaitic alphabet [a] |
| |Phoenician alphabet [a] |
| |Aramaic alphabet [a] |
| |Brāhmī |
| |Kalinga |
| |Oriya |
|Unicode range |U+0B00–U+0B7F |
|ISO 15924 |Orya |
|[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon. |
|Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols. |
The Oriya script or Utkal Lipi(Oriya:ଉତ୍କଳ ଲିପି)or Utkalakshara(Oriya:ଉତ୍କଳାକ୍ଷର) is used to write the Oriya language, and can be used for several other Indian languages, for example, Sanskrit.
] History
[pic]
[pic]
A facsimile of an inscription in Oriya script on a copper plate recording a land grant made by Rāja Purushottam Debb, king of Orissa, in the fifth year of his reign (1483 AD).
Although the cursive shape might suggest influence from southern Brahmic scripts like Tamil or Malayalam, Oriya most closely resembles Bengali and Devanagari, as a closer examination of the shapes below the characteristic circular hoops in Oriya letters reveal. These hoops, which replace the horizontal lines in Devanāgarī and Bengali are thought to be the result of the long-standing practice of writing manuscripts on palm leaves with a pointed stylus, which have a tendency to tear if too many straight lines are made on the surface.[1]
Oriya is a syllabic alphabet or an abugida wherein all consonants have an inherent vowel embedded within. Diacritics, which can appear above, below, before or after the consonant they belong to, are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When the diacritics appear at the beginning of a syllable, vowels are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used which combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol.
Sample Text
"Oṛiyā is encumbered with the drawback of an excessively awkward and cumbrous written character. ... At first glance, an Oṛiyā book seems to be all curves, and it takes a second look to notice that there is something inside each." (G.A. Grierson, Linguistic Survey of India, 1903)
The Indic fonts used here and in the following tabels are taken from INDOLIPI.
(Text taken from Bidhu Bhusan Das Gupta and Bimbadhar Das: Oriya Self-Taught, Calcutta 1967)
Translation (by Das Gupta and Das)
There lived in a certain village an old man named Chandrasekhar. He had two sons. The elder was called Shashibhusan and the younger Charubhusan. Charubhusan lost his father when he was only a year and a half old. So his mother was very much attached to him. His elder brother was older than him by seven or eight years. So when Shashibhusan was at school, Charubhusan passed his time only playing about.
Oṛiyā Alphabet
Independent Vowels
[pic]
Consonants
[pic]
lohitendu dhal
Dependent Vowels
As with other Abugida scripts Oṛiyā consonant signs have an inherent vowel. It is transliterated as ‹a›, phonetic value [ɔ] as in Bengali. Its absence is marked by Halanta (Virāma):
[pic]
For the other vowels diacritics are used:
[pic]
Vowel diacritics may be more or less fused with the consonants, though in modern printing such ligatures have become less common.
[pic]
[pic]
Consonant Ligatures
Clusters of two or more consonants form a ligature. Basically Oṛiyā has two types of such consonant ligatures. The "northern" type is formed by fusion of two ore more consonants as in northern scripts like Devanāgarī (but to a lesser extent also in the Malayalam script in the south). In some instances the components can be easily identified, but sometimes completely new glyphs are formed. With the "southern" type the second component is reduced in size and put under the first as in the southern scripts used for Kannaḍa and Telugu (and to some extent also for Malayalam script). The following table shows the most commonly used ligatures. (Different fonts may use different ligatures.)
[pic]
Special Forms
‹ẏ› and ‹r› as components of a ligature are given a special treatment. As last member they become [pic]and [pic]respectively:
[pic]
‹r› as first member of a ligature becomes [pic](called Repha as in other Indic scripts) and is shifted to the end of the ligature:
[pic]
Ambiguities
The Oṛiyā script exhibits quite a few ambiguities which add to the difficulties beginners encounter in learning it.
Some of the basic characters of the alphabet may easily be confounded. In order to reduce ambiguities a small oblique stroke is added at the lower right end as a diacritic. It resembles Halanta (Virāma) but it is joined to the letter, whereas Halanta is not joined. When the consonant forms a vowel ligature by which the lower right end is affected, this stroke is shifted to another position. This applies also to consonant ligatures baring the stroke (see table of consonant ligatures).
[pic]
Some of the subjoined consonants, some other ligature components and variants of vowel diacritics have changing functions:
Open top consonants get a subjoined variant of the vowel diacritic for ‹i› as in
[pic]
This same little hook is used in some consonant ligatures to denote ‹t› as first component:
[pic]
The subjoined form of ‹ch› is also used for subjoined ‹th›:
[pic]
The subjoined form of ‹bh› serves also as a diacritic for different purposes:
[pic]
The subjoined forms of ‹ṇ› and ‹tu› are almost identical:
[pic]
The sign for the nasal ‹ṁ› may be used as a diacritic too:
[pic]
Comparison of Oṛiyā script with its Neighbours
At a first look the great number of signs with round shapes suggests a closer relation to the southern neighbour Telugu than to the other neighbours Bengali in the north and Devanāgarī in the west. The reason for the round shapes in Oṛiyā and Telugu (and also in Kannaḍa and Malayāḷam) is the former method of writing using a stylus to scrutch the signs into a palm leaf. These tools do not allow for horizontal strokes because that would damage the leaf.
Therefore the horizontal stroke on top of most Devanāgarī and Bengali letters has become a hoop in Oṛiyā. So in most cases the reader of Oṛiyā will find the distinctive parts of a letter only below the hoop. Considering this the following tables clearly show a closer relation to Devanāgarī and Bengali than to any southern script, though both northern and southern scripts have the same origin, Brāhmī.
Vowel signs
[pic]
Consonant Signs
Vowel Diacritics
[pic]
The treatment of ‹e› ‹ai› ‹o› ‹au› is similar to Bengali, Malayāḷam, Sinhalese, Tamiḻ, Grantha and also to SE Asian scripts like Burmese, Khmer and Thai, but it differs clearly from Devanāgarī, Gujarātī, Gurmukhī, Kannaḍa, Telugu and Tibetan.
Oriya in Unicode
The Unicode range for Oriya is U+0B00–U+0B7F. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points.
|Oriya[1] |
| chart (PDF) |
| |0 |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |
|Anga Lipi |Brahmi |6th century BCE |Angika | |U+0900–U+097F |देवनागरी |
|Balinese |Old Kawi |11th century |Balinese language |Bali |U+1B00–U+1B7F | |
|Baybayin |Old Kawi |14th century |Tagalog, other |Tglg |U+1700–U+171F |ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔ |
| | | |Philippine | | | |
| | | |languages | | | |
|Buhid |Old Kawi |14th century |Buhid language |Buhd |U+1740–U+175F |ᝊᝓᝑᝒ |
|Burmese |Vatteluttu |11th century |Burmese language, |Mymr |U+1000–U+109F |မြန်မာအက္ခရာ |
| | | |numerous | | | |
| | | |modifications for | | | |
| | | |other languages | | | |
| | | |including Chakma, | | | |
| | | |Eastern and Western| | | |
| | | |Pwo Karen, Geba | | | |
| | | |Karen, Kayah, Mon, | | | |
| | | |Rumai Palaung, | | | |
| | | |S'gaw Karen, Shan | | | |
|Cham |Vatteluttu |8th century |Cham language |Cham |U+AA00–U+AA5F | |
|Devanagari |Nagari |13th century |Numerous Indo-Aryan|Deva |U+0900–U+097F |देवनागरी |
| | | |languages, | | | |
| | | |including Sanskrit,| | | |
| | | |Hindi, Marathi, | | | |
| | | |Nepali, Bhili, | | | |
| | | |Konkani, Angika, | | | |
| | | |Bhojpuri, Magahi, | | | |
| | | |Maithili, Kurukh, | | | |
| | | |Nepal Bhasa and | | | |
| | | |sometimes Sindhi | | | |
| | | |and Kashmiri. | | | |
| | | |Formerly used to | | | |
| | | |write Gujarati. | | | |
| | | |Sometimes used to | | | |
| | | |write or | | | |
| | | |transliterate | | | |
| | | |Sherpa | | | |
|Eastern Nagari |Nagari |11th century |Bengali language |Beng |U+0980–U+09FF |বাংলা লিপি |
| | | |(Bengali script | | | |
| | | |variant), Assamese | | | |
| | | |language (Assamese | | | |
| | | |script variant) | | | |
|Gujarati |Nagari |17th century |Gujarati language, |Gujr |U+0A80–U+0AFF |ગુજરાતી લિપિ |
| | | |Kutchi language | | | |
|Gurmukhi |Sharada |16th century |Punjabi language |Guru |U+0A00–U+0A7F |ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ |
|Hanunó'o |Old Kawi |14th century |Hanuno'o language |Hano |U+1720–U+173F | |
|Javanese |Old Kawi |16th century |Javanese language |Java |U+A980–U+A9DF |[pic] |
|Kannada |Kadamba |12th century |Kannada language, |Knda |U+0C80–U+0CFF |ಕನ್ನಡ ಅಕ್ಷರಮಾಲೆ |
| | | |others | | | |
|Khmer |Vatteluttu |11th century |Khmer language |Khmr |U+1780–U+17FF, |អក្សរខ្មែរ |
| | | | | |U+19E0–U+19FF | |
|Lao |Khmer |14th century |Lao language, |Laoo |U+0E80–U+0EFF |ອັກສອນລາວ |
| | | |others | | | |
|Lepcha |Tibetan |18th century |Lepcha language |Lepc |U+1C00–U+1C4F | |
|Limbu |Lepcha |18th century |Limbu language |Limb |U+1900–U+194F | |
|Lontara |Old Kawi |17th century |Buginese language, |Bugi |U+1A00–U+1A1F | |
| | | |others; mostly | | | |
| | | |extinct, restricted| | | |
| | | |to ceremonial use | | | |
|Malayalam |Grantha |12th century |Malayalam language,|Mlym |U+0D00–U+0D7F |മലയാളലിപി |
| | | |Konkani language | | | |
|Oriya |Kalinga |12th century |Oriya language |Orya |U+0B00–U+0B7F |ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଲିପି |
|Rejang script |Old Kawi |18th century |Rejang language, |Rjng |U+A930–U+A95F | |
| | | |mostly obsolete | | | |
|Saurashtra |Grantha |20th century |Saurashtra |Saur |U+A880–U+A8DF | |
| | | |language, mostly | | | |
| | | |obsolete | | | |
|Sinhala |Grantha |12th century |Sinhala language |Sinh |U+0D80–U+0DFF |ශුද්ධ සිංහල |
|Sundanese script|Old Kawi |14th century |Sundanese language |Sund |U+1B80–U+1BBF | |
|Tai Le | | |Tai Lü language |Tale |U+1950–U+197F | |
|New Tai Lue |Tai Tham |1950s |Tai Lü language |Talu |U+1980-U+19DF | |
|Tagbanwa |Old Kawi |14th century |various languages |Tagb |U+1760–U+177F | |
| | | |of Palawan, nearly | | | |
| | | |extinct | | | |
|Tamil |Vatteluttu |8th century |Tamil language |Taml |U+0B80–U+0BFF |தமிழ் அரிச்சுவடி |
|Telugu |Old Kannada |13th century |Telugu language |Telu |U+0C01–U+0C6F |తెలుగు లిపి |
|Thai |Khmer |13th century |Thai language |Thai |U+0E00–U+0E7F |อักษรไทย |
|Tibetan |Siddham |8th century |Tibetan language, |Tibt |U+0F00–U+0FFF |དབུ་ཅན་ |
| | | |Dzongkha language, | | | |
| | | |Ladakhi language | | | |
|Tai Viet | | |Tai Dam language |Tavt |U+AA80–U+AADF | |
Graphical Timeline
[pic]
Laxmi Puran
Balaram Das, a major poet of the Oriya Literature, considered as the senior most poet in the Age of Panchasakha wrote Laxmi Purana in 15th century .[1]
] Synopsis of Laksmi Purana
In this Purana, once Goddess Laxmi had visited Shriya, a scavenger low caste woman , for which Balaram, the elder brother of God Jagannath (Lord Vishnu) got angry with Laxmi and she was turned out from Jagannath Temple of Srikhetra or Puri , the most sacred place and one of 4 place of piligrimage (Dham) in Hindu religion.Laxmi leaves the temple and avenges the insult by cursing her husband and elder brother-in-law to go through a prolonged ordeal without food, water and shelter. The Puran raises voice against the evil practices of Untouchability in society. It also stresses importance on Feminism and empower the female power to resist male hegemony.
Premier of Feminist Movement
It is perhaps the first attempt in India towards Feminism .The Purana describes the social structures and gender inequality persisting in the society.Its also a protest against male hegemony.Laxmi was turned out from home by her husband .But it also gives a guideline for the females to perform their duties and responsibilities honestly. This Purana starts a Feministic Movement in Orissa India as a ritual form of Laxmi Puja or worship of Goddess Laxmi.
Popularity of Laxmi Purana
In Orissa , Laxmi Purana is considered as a sacred book in every household. In every corner of Orissa and neighboring region of Orissa , in Chhatisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal and srikakulam area of Andhra Pradesh, the ladies perform a special one month long Laxmi Puja in the month of Margashirsha. This month is called Margashira or Agrahayan in Hindu calendar .The Laxmi Puja (Mana osha) is celebrated weekly in every Thursday of that month and mostly the females worship the Goddess Laxmi with all rituals.
Oriya literature
Oriya (ଓଡିଆ oṛiā) is an official language of the state of Orissa, India. The region has been known at different stages of history as Kalinga, Udra, Utkala, or Koshala. The language is also spoken by minority populations of the neighboring states of Jharkhand, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh. The earliest written texts in the language are about thousand years old. Orissa was a vast empire in the ancient and medieval times, which extended from the Ganges in the north to the Godavari in the south. During the British rule, however, Orissa lost its political identity and formed parts of the Bengal and Madras Presidencies. The present state of Orissa was formed in 1936.
Oriya is classified as a member of the Indo-Aryan language super family; it is a descendent of Odri Prakrit and Ardha Magadhi. This form of Prakrit was in turn derived from Sanskrit via the transitional Bibhasas. Modern Oriya vocabulary is estimated to be composed of 70% Sanskrit, 2% Hindustani/Persian/Arabic with the remaining 28% of mainly "Adivasi" origin.
The history of Oriya has been mapped by historians along five main stages: Old Oriya (spanning the 10th century AD and 1300 AD), Early Middle Oriya (between 1300 AD and 1500 AD), Middle Oriya (between 1500 AD and 1700 AD), Late Middle Oriya (between 1700 AD and 1850 AD) and Modern Oriya (spanning from 1850 AD till the present day). Further subdivisons of this timeline, as below, can be considered a more accurate representation however.
] Age of Charya Literature
The beginnings of Oriya poetry coincide with the development of Charya Sahitya, the literature started by Mahayana Buddhist poets.[1] This literature was written in a specific metaphor named “Sandhya Bhasha” and the poets like Luipa, Kanhupa are from the territory of Orissa. The language of Charya was considered to be Prakrita. In one of his poem, Kanhupa wrote:
"Your hut stands outside the city
Oh, untouchable maid
The bald Brahmin passes sneaking close by
Oh, my maid, I would make you my companion
Kanha is a kapali, a yogi
He is naked and has no disgust
There is a lotus with sixty-four petals
Upon that the maid will climb with this poor self and dance."
Here the image of the ‘untouchable maid’ is used for ‘shakti’, it resides outside the city, i.e., outside the ordinary consciousness. Although she is untouchable, the bald Brahmin, meaning the so-called wise man, has a secret hankering for her. But only a kapali or an extreme Tantric can be a fit companion for her, because he is also an outcast; he is naked, for he does not have any social identity or artificiality. After the union with the shakti, both of them would climb on the 64-petalled lotus Sahasrara Chakra and dance there.
Evidently, the poet had drawn images and symbols from existing social milieu, social psychology, so that this deep realization could be easily grasped by the readers. This kind of poetry, full of the mystery of Tantra, spread over the Northeastern region of India from the tenth to the fourteenth century, and its style of expression was revived by the Oriya poets of the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries.
Age of Sarala Das
The first great poet of Orissa is the famous Sarala-Das, who wrote the Mahabharata. This was not an exact translation from the Sanskrit original, but rather an imitation; for all practical purposes, it can be seen as an original piece of work. It has since provided subsequent poets with the necessary foundation for a national literature, providing a fairly accurate idea about the culture of the Oriyas at the time. Sarala Das, belonging to 15th century Orissa of Kapilendra Dev, was acclaimed as “Adikabi” or the first poet. He is also a Shudra Muni, or a seer from backward class. He had no formal education and did not know Sanskrit. It is believed that he got his poetic gift from the goddess Sarala (Sarasswati), and wrote Mahabharata as she dictated it. Among many of his poems and epics, he is best remembered for his Mahabharata. Chandi Purana and the Vilanka Ramayana are also two of his famous creations. Arjuna Das, a contemporary of Sarala Dasa, wrote Rama-Bibha, a significant long poem in Oriya.
Age of Panchasakha
Five poets emerged towards the 16th century: Balaram Das, Jagannath Das, Achyutananda Das, Ananta Das and Jasobanta Das. Although their dates of activity span one hundred years, they are collectively known as "Panchasakhas", since they adhered to the same school of thought, Utkaliya Vaishnavism. Balaram Das’s Jagamohan Ramayan provided the other pillar on which subsequent literature was to thrive. His Laksmi Purana is considered to be the first manifesto of Women’s Liberaion and Feminism in Indian Literature. However, the most influential work was yet to come. It came in the form of Jagannath Das’s Bhagabata, which had a great influence among Oriya people, as a day-to-day philosophical guide, and on Oriya Culture. The Panchasakhas are very much Vaishnavas by thought. In 1509, Chaitanya came to Orissa with his Vaishnava message of love. Before him, Jaydev had prepared the ground by heralding the cult of Vaishnavism through his Geetagovinda. Chaitanya’s path of devotion was known as Raganuga Bhakti Marga, but the Panchasakhas differed from Chaitanyas and believed in Gyana Mishra Bhakti Marga, which has similarities with the Buddhist philosophy of Charya Literature stated above.
The real PANCHA SAKHA - - - - Don't misguide people...... Pancha Sakha: Pandit Gopabandhu Das Acharya HariHara Das Pandit Nilakantha Das Pandit Krupasindhu Mishra Pandit Godabarish Das
Age of Upendra Bhanja
At the end of the age of Panchasakha, a few prominent works were written, including the Usabhilasa of Sisu Sankara Das, the Rahasya-manjari of Deva-durlabha Dasa and the Rukmini-bibha of Kartikka Das. A new form of novels in verse evolved during the beginning of the 17th century when Ramachandra Pattanayaka wrote Haravali. These poets are the beginners of this age. But the prominent poets are Dinakrushna Das, Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja and Abhimanyu Samanta Simhar. Verbal jugglery, obscenity and eroticism as the characteristics of Shringara Kavyas, became the trend of this period, in which Upendra Bhanja took a leading role. His creations: Baidehisha Bilasa, Koti Brahmanda Sundari and Lavanyabati were a landmark in Oriya Literature. Upendra Bhanja was conferred with the title 'Kabi Samrat' of Oriya literature for his aesthetic poetic sense and skill in verbal jugglery. Dinakrushna Das’s Rasokallola and Abhimanyu samanta Simhara’s Bidagdha Chintamani are prominent kavyas of this time. There was a significant influence of these poets in making modern Oriya Literature. During the end of Riti Yuga, or age of Upendra Bhanja, four major poets emerged and they created the History. They are Kabi surya Baladeb Rath, Brajanath Badajena, Gopal Krushna Pattanaik and Bhima Bhoi. Kabisurya Baladev rath wrote his poems in champu and chautisha, the new form and style of poetry. But the significant role was played by Brajanath Badjena in starting a tradition of prose fiction, though he was not considered as the premier writer of prose. His Chatur Binoda (Amusement of Intelligent) seems to be the first to deal with different kinds of rasas, but predominantly the bibhatsa rasa, often verging on nonsense.
later PANCHA SAKHAS WERE: PANDIT GOPABANDHU DAS, PUNDIT NEELAKANTHA DAS, PUNDIT GODAVARISH MISHRA, ACHARYA HARIHAR DAS, PUNDIT KRUPASINDHU. These pundits wrote a lot of prosr and poetry which became famous in later years.
Age of Radhanath
The first Oriya printing typeset was cast in 1836 by the Christian missionaries, replacing palm leaf inscription and in the process revolutionising Oriya literature. Books became printed, and journals and periodicals published. The first Oriya Magazine of 'Bodha Dayini' was published from Balasore in 1861. The main object of this magazine was to promote Oriya literature and to draw attention to the lapses in government policy. The first Oriya paper, 'The Utkal Deepika,' made its appearance in 1866 under the editorship of the late Gouri Sankar Ray with the help of the late Bichitrananda. The Utkal Deepika continued a vigorous campaign for bringing together all the Oriya-speaking areas under one administration, developing the Oriya language and literature and protecting Oriya interests. In 1869 late Bhagavati Charan Das started 'Utkal Subhakari' to propagate Brahmo faith. In the last three and a half decades of the 19th century, a number of newspapers were published in Oriya. Prominent amongst them were 'Utkal Deepika','Utkal Patra', Utkal Hiteisini from Cuttack, Utkal Darpan and Sambada Vahika' from Balasore, Sambalpur Hiteisini (30 May 1889) from Deogarh. The publication of these papers during the last part of the 19th century indicated the desire and the determination of the people of Orissa to uphold the right of freedom of expression and the freedom of the press, with a the ultimate aim of freedom from British rule. These periodicals performed another vital function, in that they encouraged modern literature and offered a broad reading base for the writers; the educated intellectuals who came in contact with the literature became influenced. Radhanath Ray (1849–1908) is the prime figure, who tried to write his poems with the influence of Western Literature. He wrote Chandrabhaga, Nandikeshwari, Usha, Mahajatra, Darbar and Chilika, which were the long poems or 'Kavyas'.
|Fakir Mohan Senapati |
|[pic] |
|Fakir Mohan Senapati |
|Born |14 January 1843(1843-01-14) |
| |Balasore , British India |
|Died |14 June 1918(1918-06-14) (aged 75) |
|Occupation |Novelist ,Short Story Writer, poet, , philosopher, Social |
| |Activist |
|Nationality |British Indian |
|Period |19th century |
Fakir Mohan Senapati (1843–1918), the prime figure of modern Oriya Fiction Prose is the product of that generation. He was considered the Vyasakabi or founder poet of Oriya language. Fakirmohan was born and brought up in the coastal town of Balasore. He grew up to be an administrator in ex-feudatory states. Enraged by the attempts of the Bengalis to marginalize, or even replace, the Oriya language by Bengali, he took to creative writing rather late. Though he had translated from Sanskrit, wrote poetry, and attempted many forms of literature, he is now known primarily as the father of modern Oriya prose fiction. If either Fakirmohan or his progeny had preserved his short story, “Lachmania” which he had written in the late 1860s, and which was published in the journal Bodhadayini, edited by himself in Balasore, Fakirmohan would certainly been credited with having pioneered the genre in India; except for a bare mention in his autobiography, the story cannot be traced, and thus his “Rebati” (1898) is widely recognized as the first Oriya short story. “Rebati” is the story of a young innocent girl whose desire for education is placed in the context of a conservative society in a backward Orissa village, which is hit by the killer epidemic cholera. His other stories are “Patent Medicine”, “Dak Munshi”, and ”Adharma Bitta”. Other than short stories, Fakir Mohan Senapati is also known for his novel Chha Maana Atha Guntha. It is the first Indian novel to deal with the exploitations of landless peasants by the feudal lord. It was written much before the October revolution of Russia or much before the emerging of Marxist ideas in India. Gangadhar Meher (1862–1924), Madhusudan Rao, Chintamani Mahanty, Nanda Kishore Bal and Gaurisankar Ray are some of eminent writers and poets of this time.
Age of Satyabadi
|Utkalmani Gopabandhu Das |
|[pic] |
|Creator of Satyabadi Age |
|Born |9 October 1877(1877-10-09) |
|Occupation |Freedom Fighter , poet, Philosopher, Social Activist |
|Nationality |British Indian |
|Period |20th century |
Main article: Gopabandhu Das
During the Age of Radhanath, the literary world was divided between the ancient, headed by a magazine The Indradhanu, and the modernists, headed by another magazine The Bijuli. However, Gopabandhu was a great balancer, and realized that a nation, as well as its literature, live by their tradition. He believed that a national superstructure of the present can endure only if it is based upon the solid foundations of heritage. He also wrote a satirical poem in The Indradhanu, which led to punishment from the 'Inspector of schools' for such material, although he refused to apologise.
Later he joined Ravenshaw College, Cuttack to pursue graduation. He lost his father before joining college. During this period he started Kartavya Bodhini Samiti (Duty Awakening Society) to encourage his friends to take on social, economic & political problems in order to make them responsible citizens. Whilst leading a team to serve flood victims, he heard that his son was seriously ill. Gopabandhu preferred, however, to save the “sons of the soil” rather than his son. This imbibed Swadeshi spirit in him; his new mission was to reform the society and to develop education. Through these activities he had the vision of social service. When he was only twenty-eight, he lost his wife. By that time he had already lost all of his three sons and left his two daughters with his elder brother, along with the share of his property in the village. This proved that he had no love for leading a family life and for that he refused to remarry, even at a marriageable age. He was not an ordinary man and that is why he did not attach much importance to worldly life. He is regarded as the Utkalmani in every Oriya’s mind and heart.
With the rise of freedom movements, a literary thought emerged with the influence of Gandhiji and idealistic trend of Nationalism, forming as a new trend in Oriya Literature. Much respected personality of Orissan culture and history, Utkalmani Gopabandhu Das (1877–1928) founded a school at the village of Satyabadi near Sakshigopal of Orissa and an idealstic literary movement influenced the writers of this age. No doubt, Gopabandhu Das was the famous figure of this movement associated by other four writers like Godabarisha Mishra, Nilakantha Dash, Harihara Acharya and Krupasinshu. They are also known as 'Panchasakhas' for their similarities with the Age of Panchasakhas of tradition. The writers of this age are mostly critics, essayists and poets. Godabarisha Mohapatra, Chintamani Das and Kuntala-Kumari Sabat are some of the renowned names of this age. The contribution of Chintamani Das in enriching Satyabadi literature is unparalleled. Born in 1903 in Sriramachandrapur village near Sakhigopal, Chintamani Das was bestowed with the Sahitya Akademi Samman in 1970 for his invaluable contribution to Oriya literature. Some of his well-known literary works are: 'Manishi Nilakantha', 'Bhala Manisa Hua', 'Usha', 'Barabati', 'Byasakabi Fakiramohan' and 'Kabi Godabarisha'.
Age of Marxism or Pragati Yuga
With the emergence of the Soviet Union in 1935, a Communist party was formed in Orissa and a periodical named Adhunika was published by the party. Bhagawati Charan Panigrahi and Sachidananda Routray were founding members, and were writers and poets for the party. Bhagwati became a fiction writer and though Sachidananda Routray (who is also known as "Sachi Routra" or Sachi Babu) wrote some short stories he is best remembered for his poems. Sachi Babu is also considered to be the founder of Modern poetry in Orissa. He was the prime figure to introduce two European trends of English modernism - the early aestheticist phase pioneered by Pound and Eliot (1910–1930), and the second wave modernism of the 1930s poets (Auden, Spender, MacNeice, Isherwood) to Oriya Literature through his poetry.
Age of Romanticism or Sabuja Yuga
Influenced by the romantic thoughts of Rabindranath tagore, during the thirties when the progressive Marxian movements was in full flow in Oriya Literature, Kalindi Charan panigrahi, the brother of Bhagabati Charan Panigrahi,the founder of Marxian Trend in Orissa, formed a group circa 1920 called “Sabuja Samiti.” Along with two of his writer friend Annada Shankar Ray and Baikuntha Patnaik. Perhaps it was the very short existed period in Oriya Literature and later submerged with either Gandhian thoughts or Marxian thoughts. Later Kalindi Charan Panigrahi wrote his famous novel Matira Manish, being influenced by Gandhism. Annada Shankar Ray flew away to Bengali Literature. Mayadhar Mansingh was a renowned poet of that time though he was considered as a romantic poet, but he kept the distance away from the influence of Rabindranath successfully.
PURNACHANDRA ORIYA BHASHAKOSHA
The Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha is a monumental 7 volume work of about 9,500 pages published between 1930 and 1940. It was a result of the vision and dedicated work over nearly three decades of Gopal Chandra Praharaj (1874–1945). Praharaj not only conceived and compiled the lexicon, he also raised the finances for its printing by pains-taking collection of public donations, grants and subscriptions. He also supervised the printing and the sales of the published work.Briefly, the Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha is an Oriya language lexicon listing some 1,85,000 words and their meanings in four languages - Oriya, English, Hindi and Bengali. In addition, it is replete with quotations from wide ranging classical works illustrating the special usage of various words. It also contains much specialised information like the botanical names of many local plants, information on asterisms and constellations and also includes many long articles on various topics as well as biographies of personalities connected with Orissa’s history and culture. On the whole, it is an encyclopedic work touching upon various aspects of Oriya language and Orissa and upon many topics of general interest.Like all major historical works, the making of the Bhashakosha is a fascinating story full of dream and dedication, sweat and tears. The story of its maker Praharaj, a lawyer by profession, is equally so - it starts with a delinquent (almost decadent) youth and ends with a tinge of blood (he met with an untimely and unnatural death), with achievements and heartburns in between.The post-production story of Bhashakosha is more bathed in tears. Ridiculed and reviled by many during the production itself, a good fraction of the printed copies were destroyed unbound and unsold. Many copies were still available in the libraries of the princes who had patronised the work and most of these copies were pawned away unredeemably or sold off cheaply when bad days invariably visited the owners.The copies surviving today are rare and are in rather fragile and worm-damaged state. While the older generation holds the work in high regard and reverence, the present generation is hardly aware of its existence and knows even less about its contents. Interested language-loving individuals or researchers can only dream of having a personal copy.
Post Colonial Age
Poetry
As the successor of Sachi babu, two poets Guruprasad Mohanty (popularly known as Guru Prasad) (1924–2004) and Bhanuji Rao were highly influenced by T.S. Eliot and published their co authored poetry book “Nutan Kabita” with a preface of Professor. Jatindra Mohan Mohanty. Thus the waste land of T.S. Eliot created a great effect on the post independent Oriya poets. Later, Ramakanta Rath modified the ideas. According to him : ‘After the publication of Kalapurusha (Guru Prasad’s poetry collection influenced by T.S. Elliot’s The Waste Land) we realized that a sense of alienation is the main ingredient of modern poetry.’ Before independence of India, the Oriya poetry was mostly Sanskritic, or "literary" idiom; but after independence of India, one could notice the free use of western concepts, idioms, images and also adaption of their myths. Ramakanta Rath, Sitakant Mahapatra, Soubhagya Kumar Mishra, Rajendra kishore Panda, Mamata Dash and Pratibha Satpathy are the famous poets in this trend.
Fiction
Before '70s
In the post-independence Era Oriya fiction assumed a new direction. The trend which Fakir Mohan has started actually developed more after '50s of last century. Gopinath Mohanty (1914–1991), Surendra Mohanty and Manoj Das (1934- ) are considered as three jewels of this time. They are the pioneer of a new trend, that of developing or projecting the “individual as protagonist” in Oriya fiction. Eminent Feminist writer and critics Sarojini Sahoo believes that it was not Gopinath, but Surendra Mohanty whose “Ruti O Chandra” has to be considered as first story of individualistic approach rather than the story “Dan” by Gopinth, which was formerly known as the first story of “individualistic attitude”.[2] The major difference between Surendra and Gopinath is that, when Gopinath is more optimistic, Surendra seems to be nihilistic. This nihilism prepares the ground for the development of “existentialist” movement of Oriya literature.
Surendra Mohanty has a mastery over language, theme and concept. Some of his famous short story collections and novels are: Krushna Chuda, Mahanagarira Rati, ruti o Chandra, Maralara Mrutyu, Shesha Kabita, Dura Simanta, Oh Calcutta, Kabi-O- Nartaki, Sabuja Patra-O- Dhusara Golap, Nila Shaila, Andha Diganta, which bear the memorial of his success as a reputed story writer and novelist.
In his fiction Gopinath Mohanty explores all aspects of Orissan life: life, both in the plains and in the hills. He evolves a unique prose style, lyrical in style, choosing worlds and phrases from the day-to-day speech of ordinary men and women. Gopinath’s first novel, Mana Gahtra Chasa, was published in 1940, which was followed by Dadi Budha (1944), Paraja (1945) and Amrutara Santan (1947). He published 24 novels, 10 collections of short stories in addition to three plays, two biographies, two volumes of critical essays, and five books on the languages of Kandh, Gadaba and Saora tribes. Moreover, he translated Tolstoy’s War and Peace (Yuddh O Shanti) in three volumes (tr. 1985-86) and Togore’s Jogajog (tr. 1965) into Oriya.
Started his literary career as a communist and later transformed himself to Aurobindian philosopher, Manoj Das proved himself as a successful bilingual writer as he used to write both in Oriya and English. His major works are:Shesha basantara chithi, 1966; Manoj Dasanka katha o kahani, 1971; Dhumabha diganta, 1971; Manojpancabimsati, 1977; (short stories); Tuma gam o anyanya kabita, 1992 (poetry). His notable English works include: The crocodiles lady : a collection of stories, 1975, The submerged valley and other stories, Farewell to a ghost : short stories and a novelette, 1994; Cyclones, 1987, and A tiger at twilight, 1991.
The other significant fiction writers are Chandrasekhar Rath, Shantanu Acharya, Mohapatra Nilamani Sahoo, Rabi Patnaik and JP Das. Chandra Sekhar Rath's novel Jantrarudha (Astride the Wheel :translated by Jatindra Kumar Nayak) is one of the renowned classic of this period. Shantanu acharya’s novel Nara-Kinnara also have its significant effect.
After '70s
The Revolution of '70s in Oriya fiction
The trend started by the writers of '50s and the so called popular writers of 60s, were challenged by the young writers in '70s. But the process of rebellion started from 60s. In the 60s, a little magazine Uan Neo Lu was published from Cuttack. The title of the magazine was made up of three of the Oriya alphabets, which were not in use. The writers associated with the magazines were: Annada Prasad Ray (not Annada sankar Ray), Guru Mohanty (not Guru Prasad of Kala Purusha fame), Kailash Lenka and Akshyay Mohanty. These writers may not have become as famous as some of their contemporaries. But they started a revolution in the text and styles of Oriya fiction. They tried to break the monopoly of so called established writer. They brought sexuality into the puview of current literature and they created a new style in prose. In the late '60s the dominance of Cuttack in the field of Oriya Literature had broken when many “groups” of writers emerged from different parts of Orissa. Anamas from Puri, Abadhutas from Balugaon, Panchamukhi from Balangir, and Abujha from Berhampur and Akshara group from Sambalpur created a sensations in Oriya literary scene. Historically it does not matter the question of how many of these writers did not “make the grade,” but the collective effort to break a tradition proved to be decisive in some ways.
But the actual formidable changes were confirmed by the writers of later period. Jagadish Mohanty, Kanheilal Das, Satya Mishra, Ramchandra Behera, Padmaja Pal, Yashodhara mishra and Sarojini Sahoo are few writers whose writings have created a new age in the field of fiction. Kanheilal Das and Jagadish Mohanty have started to create a new form of style and language, which was popular among the general readers as well as the intellectuals. But Kanhei lal Das was a short lived personality and his sudden demised still considered as a great loss for Oriya Fictions.
Jagadish Mohanty is considered as the introducer of existentialism and also as the trend setter in Oriya literature. Ekaki ashwarohi, Dakshina Duari Ghara, Album, Dipahara Dekhinathiba Lokotie, Nian o anyanya galpo, Mephestophelesera Pruthibi are some of his famous short story collections and Nija Nija Panipatha, Kanishka Kanishka, Uttaradhikar and Adrushya Sakal are some of his memorable novels which make him most renowned.
Dwitiya Shmashana, Abashishta Ayusha, Omkara Dhwani, Bhagnangshara Swapna, Achinha Pruthibi are some of the most famous short story collection of Ramchandra Behera.
Padmaj Pal is known for his short story collections such as Eaglera Nakha Danta, Sabuthu Sundar Pakshi, Jibanamaya and Uttara Purusha.
Sarojini Sahoo, another prominent writer, later famed for her idea of feminism also made a significant approach to Oriya fiction.Her novel Gambhiri Ghara is proved as a landmark among Oriya novel and has gained international fame for her feministic and liberal ideas. Amrutara Pratikshare, Chowkatha, Upanibesh, Pratibandi, Paksibasa, Tarlijauthiba Durga, Dukha Apramita are some of her short story collections and Upanibesh, Pratibandi, Gambhiri Ghara, Pakshibasa, Mahajatra are her novels which have a significant effect in the Oriya Literature.
Popular fiction writings
Parallel to aesthaticism in literature, a parallel trend of populist literature also appeared after '60s which was accepted by half literate rural people, especially by the female folk. Bhagirathi Das, Kanduri Das, Bhagwana Das, Bibhuti Patnaik and Pratibha Ray are some of the best selling writer of Oriya Literature, among them Bibhuti Patnaik and Pratibha Ray have some sense of literary aesthetics. Badhu Nirupama, Gare Kajjala Dhare Luha, Topaye Sindura Dipata Shankha and Chapala Chhanda are some of popular novels of Bibhuti Patnaik.
Barsha Baishakha Basanta, Aparichita, Nishiddha Pruthibi, Upanayika and Jangyaseni are some of popular novels of Pratibha Ray. Jangyaseni proved itself different from Pratibha's other novel and has gained literary reputation. These writers able to attract the commercial producers to celluloid their stories in commercial Oriya movies.
Women's writings and feminism
The starting of a women's magazine called Sucharita in 1975 went a long way in helping women writers find a voice. In fact its appearance proved to be the turning point. The role of Sucharita in helping the emergence of women’s writing as a strong body of work can hardly be overestimated.[citation needed] Some female writers like Jayanti Ratha, Susmita Bagchi. Paramita Satpathy, Hiranmayee Mishra, Chirashree Indra Singh, Sairindhree Sahoo, Supriya Panda, Gayatri Saraf., Mamata Chowdhry are a few fiction writers in this period, but among all the women writers Sarojini Sahoo played a significant role for her feministic and sexuality approach in fiction. For feminism she is considered as the Simone de Beauvoir of India, though theoretically she denies the Hegelian theory of “Other” developed by Simone in her The Second Sex. Unlike to Simone, Sarojini claims the women are “Other” from masculine perspective but as a human being, she demands for similar rights as Plato recommended.
Drama
In the field of drama, the traditional Oriya theatre is the folk opera, or Jatra, which flourishes in the rural areas of Orissa. Modern theatre is no longer commercially viable. But in the 1960, experimental theatre made a mark through the works of Manoranjan Das, who pioneered the new theatre movement with his brand of experimentalism. Bijay Mishra, Biswajit Das, Kartik Rath, Ramesh Prasad Panigrahi, Prof. Pramod Kumar Tripathy, Ratnakar Chaini, Ranjit Patnaik, Prof. Purna Chandra Mallick continued the tradition. Prof. Tripathy's contribution to the growth and development of the immensely popular and thought-provoking lok natakas is universally recognised and he is often called the Rousseau of lok natakas.[citation needed] Though commercially modern theatre movement is a failure one still it is existing through different amateur theatre units and by different drama competition but unlike these modern theatre the commercialized operas have their economical success.
Jagannath Temple, Delhi
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The Jagannath Temple in Delhi
The Jagannath Temple in New Delhi, India is a modern temple built by the Oriya community of Delhi dedicated to the Hindu God Jagannath. The temple located in Green Park is famous for its annual Rathyatra festival.
The Jagannath Temple kitchen offers prasad every day to all its devotees. It also serves as a congregation place for the oriya community people in Delhi.IF you like to advance booking for prasad and room then please call on +(91)-(11)-26966978, 26868488 , Address: C-Blk , Sufderganj Deplopment Area, Bhagwan Jagannath Mg , Hauz Khas Vill- Rd, Hauz Khas, Delhi - 110016
|A |J |J cont. |
|Ananta Vasudeva Temple |Jagannath Temple, Delhi |Jagannath Temple, Sialkot |
|C |Jagannath Temple, Koraput |Jagannath Temple,Hyderabad |
|Chhatia Batta |Jagannath Temple, Pabna |Jagannath Temple,Nayagarh |
|Comilla Jagannath Temple |Jagannath Temple, Puri |S |
|D |Jagannath Temple, Ranchi |Shri Jagannath Puri Temple |
|Dhamrai Jagannath Rath | |Patali Srikhetra |
|G | | |
|Gundicha Temple | | |
Orissa
| | |
|Odisha |
|ଓଡିଶା |
|— state — |
|[pic] |
|Seal |
| |
|[pic] |
|From Top The Jagannath,Subhadra and Balabhadra in famous Patachitra paintings,|
|The white tigers in Nandankanan, statue of Buddha in Bhubaneswar, Sun Temple |
|Wheel in Konark, the famous Rath Yatra and Odissi dancers in front of Konark |
|Sun Temple. |
|[pic] |
| |
|Location of Odisha |
|Coordinates |[pic]20.15°N 85.50°E / 20.15°N 85.5°E / 20.15; |
| |85.5Coordinates: [pic]20.15°N 85.50°E / 20.15°N |
| |85.5°E / 20.15; 85.5 |
|Country |[pic] India |
|District(s) |30 |
|Established |1 April 1936 |
|Capital |Bhubaneswar |
|Largest city |Cuttack |
|Governor |Murlidhar Chandrakant Bhandare |
|Chief Minister |Naveen Patnaik |
|Legislature (seats) |Unicameral (147) |
|Population |40,706,920 (11th) |
|• Density |• 261 /km2 (676 /sq mi) |
|HDI (2005) |[pic] |
| |0.452 (low) (27th) |
|Literacy |68.8% (19th) |
|Official languages |Odia |
|Time zone |IST (UTC+5:30) |
|Area |155820 km2 (60162 sq mi) |
|Website |.in |
Odisha (Oriya: ଓଡିଶା), previously known as Orissa (Oriya: ଓଡି଼ଶା), is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BC. The modern state of Odisha was established on 1 April 1936 at Kanika Palace, Cuttack, as a province in India,[1] and consists predominantly of Odia speakers.[2] 1 April is therefore celebrated as Utkal Divas (Odisha Day).
Odisha is the ninth largest state by area in India, and the eleventh largest by population. Odia is the official and most widely spoken language with 93.33% Odia speakers according to Linguistic survey.Odisha has a relatively unindented coastline[3] (about 480 km long[4]) and lacks good ports,[3] except for the deepwater facility at Paradip. The narrow, level coastal strip, including the Mahanadi River delta supports the bulk of the population.[5] The interior of the state is mountainous and sparsely populated.[5] Deomali at 1672 m is the highest point of the state.
Odisha is subject to intense cyclones. The most intense one, in October 1999, Tropical Cyclone 05B caused severe damage and some 10,000 deaths.
Odisha is home to the Hirakud Dam,near Sambalpur the longest earthen dam in the world.[6][7] Odisha has several popular tourist destinations. Puri, Konark & Bhubaneswar are known as Golden triangle of eastern India. Puri, with the Jagannath temple near the sea (famous for Rath Yatra or the Car Festival), and Konark, with the Sun Temple, are visited by thousands of tourists every year. The Jagannath Temple of Puri, the Sun Temple of Konark, the Lingaraja Temple, Khandagiri,Udaygiri, Dhauligiri of Bhubaneshwar, Ashoka's famous Rock Edict at Jaugada near Berhampur city and the Barabati Fort of Cuttack are important in the archaeological history of India.
] History
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Hatigumpha Inscription of King Kharavel, Udaygiri
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View of the banks of the Daya river from atop Dhauli hills, the presumed venue of the Kalinga war.
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Konark Sun Temple built by the Eastern Ganga dynasty is one of the most well renowned temples in India and is a World Heritage Site.
Origin of the name of the State
Orissa was renamed as Odisha and Oriya language as renamed as Odiya on November 9, 2010[8] by Parliament of India. The name Odisha is derived from the Sanskrit Odra Vishaya or Odra Desa. Both Pali and Sanskrit Literatures mention the Odra people as Oddaka and Odrah, respectively. Greek writers like Pliny and Ptolemy described the Odra people as Oretes. In the Mahabharata the Odras are mentioned along with the Paundras, Utkals, Mekalas, Kalingas and Andhras, while according to Manu the Odras are associated with the Paundrakas, Dravidas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Sakas, Paradas, Pallhavas, Chinas, Kiratas and Khasas. The location of the Odra territory has been given in the Natural History of Pliny in which it is mentioned that the Oretes were inhabiting the country where stood the Mount Maleus. The Greek Oretes is probably the Sanskrit Odra and the Mount Maleus has been identified with Malayagiri near Pala Lahara. Pliny associates the Mount Maleus with the people called Monedes and Sharis who were probably the same as the Mundas and the Savaras respectively inhabiting the upland regions of Orissa.
The Chinese pilgrim Hiuen-Tsang who visited Orissa in about 636 A.D. gives an account of the territory named Wu-Che which is very likely the same as Odra. The pilgrim states that the Wu-Cha (Wu-tu) country was above 7,000 li in circuit and its capital was above 20 li in circuit. The area of the territory, which was 7,000 li or (2,253 km) in circuit, was very extensive. General Cunningham who calls this territory as Odra or Odra Desa writes as follows:
“The ancient province of Odra desa or Or-desa was limited to the valley of the Mahanadi and to the lower course of the Subarnarekha river. It comprised the whole of the present districts of Cuttack and Sambalpur and a portion of Midnapore. It was bounded on the West by Gondwana, on the North by the wild hill states of Jashpur and Singhbhum, on the East by the sea and on the South by Ganjam. These also must have been the limits in the time of Hiuen-Tsang as the measured circuit agrees with his estimate”. The Muslim geographer lbn Khurdadhbin who wrote his geography in 846 AD refers to a territory called Ursfin which is identified by the Russian scholar V. Minorsky with Odra Desa. In another Persian geography called Hudad-al Alam written towards the close of the 10 th century A.D. mention has been made of a territory called Urshin (Odra Desa) which has been associated with the territories called N. Myas, Harkand, Smnder and Andhras which were more or less contiguous. The territory called N.Myas may be Mahismati and Harkand is suggested to be Akarakhand (eastern Malwa). Urshin may be the same as Odra Desa and Smnder may be the territory bordering the sea. Andhras is without doubt the same as Andhra Desa. Alberuni has referred to a territory called Udra Vishau located 50 forsakhs towards the sea in the south from the Tree of Prayaga. Fifty forsakhs is equal to about 200 miles or 321.86 km. So Udra Vishau may be the same as Odra Desa.
In the mediaeval Muslim chronicles like Tabaquat-I-Nasiri, Tabaquat-I-Akbari, Riyadus-Salatin, Tarkh-I-Firuzsahi, etc., the Odra territory has been referred to as Jajnagar probably after the capital Yayatinagar or Jajatinagar. The territory of Jajnagar very probably denotes to the Ganga empire during the period from Chodagangadeva to Anangabhimdeva III when Jajatinagar (modern Jagati on the Mahanadi) was the capital of that empire. It was Anangabhimadeva III who transferred the capital from Jajatinagar to Baranasi Kataka. And even after the change of capital some Muslim chroniclers continued to call this territory as Jajnagar. Shams-I-Seraj-Afif called this territory as Jajnagar-Udisa with its capital city Banaras on the right bank of the Mahanadi. The word ‘Udisa’ added to Jajnagar appears very significant. It is a developed form of the word Ursfin or Urshin used by earlier Muslim writers of the 9 th and 10 th centuries A.D. In Buddhist literature this word is expressed as Odivisa or Udivisa as found in the works of Lama Taranath and the author of Pag-Sam-Jon-Zang. In the Tantric literature of the mediaeval period the word Udisa has been frequently used and in Tantrasara, Jagannath has been referred to as Udisanatha. Poet Sarala Das mentions both the words Odra Rastra and Odisa in his famous treatise Mahabharata while Gajapati Kapileswaradeva (1435 – 1467 AD) in his proclamation inscribed on the temple walls of Jagannath calls his territory as Odisha Rajya or Odisha Rastra. Thus from the 15 th century AD onward the land of the Oriya people was called Udisa,Odisha,Orissa.
Odisha in pre-historic age
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Pre-historic painting from Gudahandi, Kalahandi
Since prehistoric days the land of Odisha has been inhabited by various people. The earliest settlers of Odisha were primitive hill tribes. Although prehistoric communities cannot be identified, it is well known that Orissa had been inhabited by tribes like Saora or Sabar from the Mahabharata days. Saora in the hills and the Sahara and Sabar of the plains continue to be an important tribe distributed almost all over Orissa. Most of the tribal people have been influenced by Hindus and have adopted Hindu manners, customs and rituals. Bonda Parajas of Koraput district are the best example of these tribes.
Several Pre-historic sites have been excavated in Orissa since the arrival of Britishers.Kaliakata of Angul,Kuchai & Kuliana of Mayurbhanj,Vikramkhol near Jharsuguda,Gudahandi and Yogimath of Kalahandi,Ushakothi of Sambalpur,Similikhol near Bargarh etc.
History of Ancient Odisha
Odisha has a history spanning a period of over 3,500 years. Before Kalinga it was named as Udra or "Odra Desa. The Ancient Odra desa or Ordesa was limited to the valley of Mahanadi and to the lower course of Subarnarekha River. It comprised the whole of the present districts of Cuttack and Sambalpur and a portion of Midnapur. Bounded on the west by Gondwana, on the north by the wild hill states of Jaspur and Singhbhum, on the east by the sea and on the South by Ganjam, Orissa has a legendary history. [9] The history of Odisha is in many ways atypical from that of the northern plains, and many of the common generalizations that are made about Indian history do not seem to apply to the Odia region.[citation needed] The name Odia originated from Odra or Udra tribes that inhabited the central coastal belt (Khordha District and Nayagarh District ) of modern Odisha. Odisha has also been the home of the Kalinga, Utkal, Mahakantara/Kantara and Kosal that played a particularly prominent role in the region's history, and one of the earliest references to the ancient Kalingas appears in the writings of Vedic chroniclers.[citation needed] In the 6th century BC, Vedic Sutrakara Baudhayana mentions Kalinga as being beyond the Vedic fold, indicating that Brahminical influences had not yet touched the land.[citation needed] Unlike some other parts of India, tribal customs and traditions played a significant role in shaping political structures and cultural practices right up to the 15th century,[citation needed] when Brahminical influences triumphed over competing traditions and caste differentiation began to inhibit social mobility and erode what had survived of the ancient republican tradition.[citation needed]
A major turning point in world history took place in Odisha.[citation needed] The Kalinga War that led emperor Ashoka to embrace non-violence and the teachings of Buddha was fought here in 261 BC. Ashoka's military campaign against Kalinga was one of the bloodiest in Mauryan history on account of the fearless and heroic resistance offered by the Kalingas to the mighty armies of the expanding Mauryan empire. Perhaps on account of their unexpected bravery, emperor Ashoka was compelled to issue two edicts specifically calling for a just and benign administration in Kalinga. Later on, Ashoka was instrumental in spreading Buddhist philosophy all over Asia. However, Ativ Land (South Western Orissa) was unconquered by Ashoka.
Tel river civilization put light towards a great civilization existing in Kalahandi, Balangir, Koraput (KBK) region in the past that is recently getting explored.[10] The discovered archaeological wealth of Tel Valley suggest a well civilized, urbanized, cultured people inhabited on this land mass around 2000 years ago[11] and Asurgarh was its capital. Kalahandi along with Koraput and Bastar was part of Kantara referred in Ramayana and Mahabharata [12]. In 4th century B.C. this region was known as Indravana from where precious gem-stones and diamond were collected for the imperial Maurya treasury.[13] During the period of Maurya emperor Ashok, Kalahandi along with Koraput and Bastar region was called Atavi Land.[14] This land was unconquered as per Ashokan record.[15] In the beginning of Chrisitan era probably it was known as Mahavana[16]. In 4th Century A.D. Vyaghraraja was ruling over Mahakantara comprising Kalahandi, undivided Koraput and Bastar region.[17] Asurgarh was capital of Mahakantara.[18]
On the other hand in the third century BC, in the eastern part of Odisha Kalinga flourished as a powerful kingdom under the Jaina king, Kharavela.[19] He ruled all the way down south to include parts of the Tamil country. He built the superb monastic caves at Udayagiri and Khandagiri. Subsequently, the kingdom was ruled under various monarchs, such as Samudragupta and Sasanka. It also was a part of Harsha's empire. In 795 AD, the king Yayati Kesari I of Kesari or Soma dynasty of Kosala united Kosala and Utkala into a single empire. He is also supposed to have built the first Jagannath Temple at Puri,[citation needed] although the current structure of the temple is entirely different and was built by Kings Choda Gangadeva and Ananga Bhimadeva of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty in the 12th century. The famous Lingaraja temple in Bhubaneshwar was started by Keshari dynasty king Yayati Keshari III and completed by his son Lalatendu Keshari in the 10th century. King Narasimha Dev is reputed to have built the magnificent Sun Temple at Konark. Although now largely in ruins, the temple may have once rivaled the Taj Mahal in splendour.
The Mughals conquered Coastal Odisha in 1576.[citation needed] The last Hindu Emperor of Odisha, Gajapati Mukunda Deva, was defeated and was killed in the battle of Gohiratikiri. The coastal plain of Odisha from Medinipur to Rajahmundry came under Mughal rule, which was broadly divided into six parts as Jaleswar Sarkar, Bhadrak Sarkar, Cuttack Sarkar, Chicacole (Srikakulam) Sarkar, Kalinga Dandapat and Rajamundry Sarkar or Godavari Province. Odisha's Central, Northern, Western and Southern hilly areas were ruled independently by Hindu kings. The Nizam of Hyderabad occupied the area between Rajahmundry to Srikakulam in 16th century.Medinipur was attached to Muslim Bengal province in 18th century.The remaining parts of Coastal Odisha, were subsequently ceded to the Marathas in 1751.
The British occupied the Northern Circars comprising the southern coast of Odisha as a result of the Carnatic Wars in the early 1760s and incorporated them into the Madras Presidency gradually.[citation needed] In 1803, the British under the British East India Company annexed the Maratha province of Odisha after the Second Anglo-Maratha War. The northern and western districts of Odisha were incorporated into Bengal Presidency. Following famine and floods in 1866, large scale irrigation projects were undertaken in the last half of the 19th century. The coastal section was separated from Bengal and made into the Province of Bihar and Orissa in 1912, in response to local agitation for a separate state for the Odia-speaking people. In 1936, Bihar and Odisha were split into separate provinces. Thus after a long period of struggle the Odia people got re-united after centuries of political separation. On 1 April 1936, the new province of Odisha came into existence on linguistic basis during the British rule in India with Sir Jhon Austin Hubbak as the first Governor. A long cherished dream of Odia people and their leaders like Madhusudan Das, Maharaja Krushna Chnadra Gajapati, Pandit Nilakantha Das, Bhubanananda Das and many other came true. The district of Ganjam was transferred from Madras Presidency to the new province of Orissa on 1 April 1936 . From that time onwards people of Odisha celebrate the day 1 April as Utkal Divas or Orissa Day.
Following Indian independence, the area of Orissa was almost doubled and the population was increased by a third by the addition of 24 former princely states. In 1950, Orissa became a constituent state in the Union of India.
Further information: History of Orissa, History of Kalahandi, and Historic sites in Orissa
Sub-divisions
Main article: List of districts of Odisha
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Huma The Leaning Temple
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There are 30 districts in Odisha—Angul, Boudh, Bhadrak, Bolangir, Bargarh, Balasore, Cuttack(Kataka), Debagarh, Dhenkanal, Ganjam, Gajapati, Jharsuguda, Jajapur, Jagatsinghpur, Khordha, Keonjhar, Kalahandi, Kandhamal, Koraput, Kendrapara, Malkangiri, Mayurbhanj, Nabarangpur, Nuapada, Nayagarh, Puri, Rayagada, Sambalpur, Subarnapur, Sundargarh. Each district is governed by a district collector or district magistrate, appointed either by the Indian Administrative Service or the Odisha Administrative Service. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities.
The capital and largest city of the state is Bhubaneshwar and its another name is temple city. Other major cities in Odisha are Cuttack, Berhampur, Rourkela, Sambalpur, Bhadrak, Jajpur, Balasore & Puri.
Geography
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Map of lake Chilka with near-by settlement of Puri.
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Mahanadi River
Bhubaneshwar is the capital of Odisha. It is famed for its magnificent temples, numbering around a thousand. Cuttack, the former capital of Odisha, is 22 km from Bhubaneshwar. With the rapid expansion of two cities and better road connectivity, the two cities are now almost conjoined and considered as twin cities. The city of Puri is about 60 kilometers from Bhubaneshwar and lies on the coast of the Bay of Bengal. Puri is considered a holy city and the abode of the deity Lord Jagannath. It is one of the Char Dhams (Four holy places) of Hinduism. The world-famous "car festival" (rath yatra) is celebrated every year in the Hindu month of Ashadha (Mid June to Mid July) in Puri.
The Chota Nagpur plateau occupies the western and northern portions of the state, while along the coast are fertile alluvial plains and the valleys of the Mahanadi, Brahmani, and Baitarani rivers, which fall into the Bay of Bengal. These alluvial plains are home to intensive rice cultivation. The Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI),Asia's largest rice research Institute is situated along the bank of Mahanadi in Cuttack. One of the major nesting ground for the Olive Ridley sea turtles can be found in the Beaches of Odisha; in Devi, Gahirmatha and Rushikulya, which are known to be the nesting sites for the L. olivacea Indian Ocean population. In 2007, around 130,000 turtles nested on the beaches of Gahirmatha. The shore line also acts as their mating site and have attracted various scientific communities for research and studies.
Although most of Odisha's forest cover has been denuded lately, one of the greatest attractions of Odisha is its still vast expanses of unspoiled natural landscape that offer a protected yet natural habitat to the state’s incredible wildlife. There are many wildlife sanctuaries in Odisha. The Simlipal National Park Tiger Reserve is a huge expanse of lush green forest with waterfalls, inhabited by tigers, elephants, and other wildlife. The Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary has been protecting estuarine crocodiles since 1975.
Chilka Lake, a brackish water coastal lake on the Bay of Bengal, south of the mouth of the Mahanadi River, is the largest coastal lake in India and the second largest in the world.It is the largest wintering ground for migratory birds on the Indian sub-continent. It is protected by the Chilka Lake Bird Sanctuary, which harbors over 160 migratory and resident species of birds. Birds from as far as the Caspian Sea, Lake Baikal, Aral Sea and other remote parts of Russia, Kirghiz steppes of Mongolia, Central and southeast Asia, Ladakh and Himalayas come here. It also has the small area of Satpada which is a safe sanctuary for the lesser known and endangered Irrawaddy Dolphins.
The highest mountain peak in the state is Deomali (1672 m), which is situated in Koraput district in southern Odisha. It is also the tallest peak of the Eastern Ghats. It is part of the Chandragiri-Pottangi mountain system. Location: 18°40'3"N 82°58'59"E (Deomali on Wikimapia).
Physiography
On the basis of homogeneity, continuity and physiographical characteristics, Odisha has been divided into five major morphological regions : 1) the Odisha Coastal Plain in the east, 2) the Middle Mountainous and Highlands Region, 3) the Central plateaus, 4) the western rolling uplands and 5) the major flood plains.
The Odisha Coastal Plains
The Odisha Coastal Plains are the depositional landforms of recent origin and geologically belong to the Post-Tertiary Period. The 75 metre contourline delimits their western boundary and differentiates them from the Middle Mountainous Region. This region stretches from the West Bengal border, i.e. from the River Subarnarekha in the north to the River Rushikulya in the south.
This region is the combination of several deltas of varied sizes and shapes formed by the major rivers of Odisha, such as the Subarnarekha, the Budhabalanga, the Baitarani, the Brahmani, the Mahanadi, and the Rushikulya. Therefore, the coastal plain of Odisha is called the "Hexadeltaic region" or the "Gift of Six Rivers". It stretches along the coast of the Bay of Bengal having the maximum width in the Middle Coastal Plain (the Mahanadi Delta), narrow in the Northern Coastal Plain (Balasore Plain) and narrowest in the Southern Coastal Plain ( Ganjam Plain). The North Coastal Plain comprises the deltas of the Subarnarekha and the Budhabalanga rivers and bears evidences of marine transgressions. The Middle Coastal Plain comprises the compound deltas of the Baitarani, Brahmani and Mahanadi rivers and bears evidences of past 'back bays' and present lakes. The South Coastal Plain comprises the laccustrine plain of Chilika lake and the smaller delta of the Rushikulya River.
The Middle Mountainous and Highlands Region
The region covers about three-fourth of the entire State. Geologically it is a part of the Indian Peninsula which as a part of the ancient landmass of the Gondwanaland. The major rivers of Odisha with their tributaries have cut deep and narrow valleys. This region mostly comprises the hills and mountains of the Eastern Ghats which rise abruptly and steeply in the east and slope gently to a dissected plateau in the west running from north-west (Mayurbhanj) to south-west (Malkangirig). This region is well marked by a number of interfluves or watersheds. The Eastern Ghats is interrupted by a number of broad and narrow river valleys and flood plains. The average beight of this region is about 900 metres above the mean seal level.The highest peak is Deomali
The Central Plateaus
The plateaus are mostly eroded plateaus forming the western slopes of the Eastern Ghats with elevation varying from 305–610 metres. There are two broad plateaus in Odisha : (i) the Panposh – Keonjhar -Pallahara plateau comprises the Upper Baitarani catchment basin, and (ii) the Nabrangpur – Jeypore plateau comprises the Sabari basin.
The Western Rolling Uplands
These are lower in elevation than the plateaus having heights varying from 153 metres to 305 metres.[21]
Rivers
There are four groups of rivers which flow through Odisha into the Bay of Bengal (Table-2). They are :
(i) Rivers that have a source outside the State (the Subarnarekha, the Brahmani the IB and the Mahanadi).
(ii) Rivers having a source inside the State(the Budhabalanga, the Baitarani, the Salandi, and the Rushikulya).
(iii) Rivers having a source inside the Odisha, but flow through other states (the Bahudu, the Vansadhara, and the Nagavali).
(iv) Rivers having a source inside Odisha, but tributary to rivers which flow through other states (the Machkund, the Sileru, the Kolab, and the Indravati).
• River Mahanadi: It is the major river of Odisha and the sixth largest river in India. It originates from the Amarkantak hills of the Bastar Plateau in Raipur district of [Chhattishgarh]. It is about 857 km Long (494 km In Odisha) and its catchment area spreads over 141,600 km2. (65,580 km².) in Odisha). The river carries on an average about 92,600 million m of water.
• River Kathajodi:Around Naraj Bridge which is approx. 10 K.M. from Cuttack City there are following villages:- Naraja Marthapur(Local Railway Station), Godi Sahi, Sandhapur, Bidyadharapur, Nua Sahi & Ratagarh.All these villages are rich in ancient heritage.Ratagarh, there is an ancient Shiva Temple of Chola Dynasty. It is 15 K.M.(approx.) distance from the City of Bhubaneswar & 6 K.M.(approx.) from Nandan Kanan, the Zoological Park. A canal arises from the Main Mahanadi River at Naraj Bridge is running besides which is the main source of water system.In Ratagarh there are 3-4 small hills which connects to the Chandaka-Damapada elephant reservoir. The main cultivation of the people of these villages are paddy besides vegetales also.The railway line running between the above villages connects Bhubaneswar with Talcher, the thermal power station, Sambalpur, Athagarh and then run into the states of Madhya Pradesh.
• The Brahmani: It is the second largest river in Odisha. It originates as two major rivers like the Sankh and the Koel from the Chota Nagpur Plateau of Bihar and both join at Veda Vyasa near Rourkela of Sundargarh district of Odisha forming the major River Brahmani. It flows through the Eastern Ghats in Sundargarh, Deogarh, Kendujhar, Dhenkanal, Cuttack and Jajpur districts into the Coastal Plains and enters into the Bay of Bengal along with a combined mouth with the Mahanadi known as the Dhamara. The Brahmani is 799 km Long (541 km In Odisha) and its catchment area spreads over 39,033 km2. in Odisha).
• The Baitarani: It originates from the Gonasika hills of the Kendujhar district. It is 365 km long and its catchment area spread over 12,790 km2. It entres into the Bay of Bengal after joining of the Brahmani at Dhamara mouth near Chandbali, Baleshwar.
• The Subarnarekha: It originates from the Chhotanagpur plateau of Bihar. It is 433 km (70 km in Odisha) and has a catchment area of 19,500 km (3,200 km in Odisha) with a mean annual flow of 7,900 million n.
• The Budhabalanga: It originates from the easterns slops of the Similipal massif. It is about 175 km long having a total catchment area of 4840 km2 with an annual flow of 2177 million m. It is major tributaries are the Sone, the Gangadhar, the Catra etc.
• The Rushikulya: It originates from the Rushyamala hills of the Eastern Ghats in Phulbani district. It is 165 km long with 8900 km2 of catchment areas. Its tributaries are the Baghua the Dhanei Badanadi etc. It has no delta at its mouth.
• The Bahuda: It originates from the Ramgiri hills of the eastern ghats in Gajapati districts and joins the Bay of Bengal in Andhra Pradesh. Its length 73 km having a catchment area of 1250 km2.
• The Bansadhara: It originates from the Flanks of the Durgakangar hills (Lingaraj hills) of the eastern ghats in Kalahandi districts. It is 230 km long out of which only 150 km in Odisha. It entres in to the Bay of Bengal at Kalingapatnam in Andhra Pradesh. It has a catchment area of 11500 km2.
• The Nagabali: It originates from the Bijipur Hills of the eastern ghats near Lanji garah. It is 210 km long out of which 100 km is in Odisha. It has a total catchment area of about 9410 km2.
• The Salandi: It originates from the Meghasani Hills of the Similipal massif in Keonjhar district. It is 144 km long with a catchment areas of 1793 km2.
• The Indravati: It originates from the eastern ghats in Kalahandi districts. It is 530 km long with a catchment area of 41700 km2 as a tributary it flows into the Godabari river.
• The Kolab: It originates from the Sinkaran hills of the eastern Ghats in koraput districts. It has catchment areas of 20400 km2.
• Tel River: It is one of the largest river of Odisha originating in Nabaramgpur district and touching Chhattisgarh, Kalahandi, Balangir, Sonepur districts of Odisha and finally falling in Mahanadi.
Springs
There are a number of Mountain springs and hotspring in Odisha. The Badaghagara and Sanaghagara in Keonjhar districts Satpasajya in Denkanal districts the Chandikhole in Cuttack distrcts the Barunei in Khorda distrcts, the Narayani and Nirmalajhar in Ganjam district, the Patalaganga in Kalahandi districts, the Nursinghanath in Bargarh distrcts and the Harisankar in Bolangir distrcts and some of the importan
Waterfalls
Most of the rivers, either at the point of origin or over the mountainous bed, have waterfalls. The Barehipani and Joranda (Similipal ) in Mayurbhanja districts, Sanaghagara and Badaghagara in Keonjhar district, Pradhanpat in Deogarh district, khandadhar (Banei) in Sundargarh district, Koilighugar in Jharsuguda district, Phurlijharan, Khandabaladhar, and Rabandhara in Kalahandi district, Kentamari and Putudi in Boudh and Phulbani district Duduma in Malkangiri district and Bogra in Koraput district are some of the major waterfalls of Odisha.
Lakes
• The Chilika Lake is brackish water lagoon located in the southern part of the Odisha coastal plane. It areas varies 780 km2 and 144 km2; during the two monsson months it is 71 km long and 32 km wide. It salinity decleans to a minimum during the monsson. However in winter, due to the overflow of the tidal water through the narrow opening from the Bay of Bengal, it is maximum.
• Anshupa is a sweet water lake located in Athagarh of Cuttack district. It is 3 km long and 1.5 km wide. Sara is another sweet water lake located near Puri. It is 5 km long and 3 km wide. Kanjia is another sweet water lake with about 134 acres (0.54 km2) of area located in Nandankanan of Cuttack district near Bhubaneswar.[22]
• Pata is another sweet water lake located alongside the town of Chatrapur. It is 4 km long and 0.5 km wide.
• Hirakud Dam: Artificial Lake in Sambalpur and Jharsuguda largest in Asia.
• Indravati Dam: Artificial Lake in Kalahandi and Nabarangpur
• Kolab Dam: Artificial Lake in Koraput
Politics
The state is governed by a chief minister and cabinet responsible to an elected unicameral legislature and by a governor appointed by the president of India. Biju Janata Dal (BJD) forms the current government with the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) as the main opposition. Naveen Patnaik is the current ruling Chief Minister of Odisha.
• Legislative Assembly election results of Orissa
Economy
Macro-economic trend
This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Odisha at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian Rupees.
|Year |Gross State Domestic Product |
|1985 |37,080 |
|1987 |68,230 |
|1990 |109,040 |
|1995 |271,180 |
|2000 |387,280 |
|2005 |670,900[23] |
The state's debt is estimated at almost 59 per cent of its GDP in 2005.[24]
Industrial growth
Odisha has abundant natural resources and a large coastline. It contains a fifth of India's coal, a quarter of its iron ore, a third of its bauxite reserves and most of the chromite. Rourkela Steel Plant[25] was the first integrated steel plant in the Public Sector in India. It receives unprecedented investments in steel, aluminium, power, refineries and ports. India's topmost IT consulting firms, including Mahindra Satyam, TCS (Tata Consultancy Services), MindTree Consulting, PricewaterhouseCoopers and Infosys have large branches in Odisha. IBM, Syntel and Wipro are setting up development centers in Odisha. So far, two of the S&P CNX 500 conglomerates have corporate offices in Odisha, for example, National Aluminium (2005 gross income [pic].51,162 million) and Tata Sponge Iron (2005 gross income [pic].2,044 million).
Odisha is notable as one of the first Indian states to have tackled its structural problems during the post-1994 Indian economic reforms. Odisha was the first state in India to begin to privatise its electricity transmission and distribution businesses. Over the period between 1994 and 2000 Odisha's former state electricity board (SEB) was restructured to form Gridco. This corporation was then divided into Transco and a collection of distribution companies. Attempts were then made to sell the distribution companies to the private sector. Like many other states, in 1996 Odisha was losing over 50% of the electricity it was delivered. The scale and importance of these reforms is notable and an important milestone in India's dramatic economic development.
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Performance of Indian states in providing basic social services like education, healthcare, etc., in 2001. Darker states have done better.
Recently the number of companies who have signed Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) to set up steel plants in the state has gone up to 50, including POSCO of South Korea which has agreed to construct a mammoth $12 billion steel plant near Paradip port. It would be the largest single investment in India's history. Arcelor-Mittal has also announced plans to invest in another mega steel project amounting to $10 billion. Russian major Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Company (MMK) plans to set up a 10 MT steel plant in Odisha too. The state is attracting an unprecedented amount of investment in aluminum, coal-based power plants, petrochemicals, and information technology as well. In power generation, Reliance Power (Anil Ambani Group) is putting up the world's largest[citation needed] power plant with an investment of US $13 billion at Hirma in Jharsuguda district. Vedanta Resources’ 1.4 million tonne alumina project in Kalahandi district is the largest investment in aluminium. Vedanta has also announced a $3.2 billion dollar huge private University project on the lines of the Ivy League Universities, which is unprecedented in the history of education in India. Bandhabahal is a major area which consist of Open Cast Coal Mines.
The Central Government has agreed to accord SEZ (Special Economic Zone) status to eight sites in Odisha, among which are Infocity at Bhubaneshwar and Paradip. But all these plans are facing massive resistance from the people of the state who mainly depend on agriculture for livelihood. Some vested interests are pushing ahead projects of Mittal, Tata, Vedanta, Birlas causing many human rights violations. In the year 2009 Odisha was second top Domestic Investment destination with Gujarat first and Andhra Pradesh in third place according to an analysis of ASSOCHAM Investment Meter (AIM) Study on Corporate Investments. Odisha's share was 12.6 percent in total investment in the country. It received investment proposal worth [pic]. 2,00,846 crore during the last year. Steel and power were among the sectors which attracted maximum investments in the state.[26] Flood and cyclone are the major hurdles in Odisha's development as the important districts are situated near to the Bay of Bengal.
Infrastructure development
Although Paradip is home to Odisha's only large port, the coastal towns of Dhamra and Gopalpur are also undergoing major port development. The government of India has selected the coastal region of Odisha, stretching from Paradip in the north to Gopalpur in the south, to be developed into one of five or six Special Economic Regions (SERs) of the country. The government of India and the state government of Odisha are working together to erect world-class infrastructure in this region to match that of Rotterdam, Houston, and Pudong. This is aimed at further private investment in petrochemicals, steel, and manufacturing. A recent Morgan Stanley report forecasts that Odisha would be flooded with massive investments for manufacturing related activities in the same manner that Bangalore had attracted software investment in the 1990s. The scale of the investments in Odisha would, however, be much higher. As of July 2006, total planned investment in the state is $90 billion. This includes investment in research, education, hospitals, roads, ports, airports, and hotels. There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, including the Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects. 14 locations have been identified on Odisha coast to be developed as port. These locations are Gopalpur (Ganjam district), Bahuda Muhan (Sonepur) in Ganjam district, Palur (Ganjam), Bali Harchandi (Puri), Astaranga (Puri), Jatadhari Muhan (Jagatsinghpur), Barunei Muhan (Kendrapara), Dhamra (Bhadrak), Chudamani (Bhadrak), Inchuri (Balasore), Chandipur (Balasore), Bahabalpur (Balasore), Subarnarekha mouth (Kirtania) in Balasore district and Talsara (Balasore).Most of the locations among them already been developing as port in the public private partnership (PPP).[27][28][29]
Media
Odisha has a strong media field, one of the best known among other states.The print newspapers like Samaja, Dharitri, Sambad, Samaya, Anupam Bharat, Prajatantra updates daily the Odisha people with the news. Other major dalies are Sambad Kalika, Amari Katha, Pragatibadi, Dinalipi, Odisha Bhaskar, Khabara etc. Some prominent weekly and fortnighty news papers like Loka Samachar, Sarkar, Bartta, Saburi Katha, Neta etc. are providing space for people's aspirations and awareness in the state. Odisha has a strong team of journalists and media group.
Newspapers and history of journalism
Odisha Berhampur University was first to start Journalism teaching programme in 1974. Chintamoni Mahapatra, a journalist turned journalism teacher was the person who ushered journalism education in Odisha. Besides Berhampur University, till mid-1980s there were not many institutions that provided journalism teaching in Odisha. Things began to change from late 1980s.
Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC) opened a campus in Dhenkanal in August 1993 and offered Post Graduate Diploma in English Journalism with 40 seats. IIMC began to attract, train and provide a steady stream of young professionals to the local papers that were on par with the best in the country.
Presently there are more than 15 institutes in Odisha both government and private offering various courses in journalism and mass communication. Among them Sambad School Of Media and Culture is one. This school is backed by Sambad media house. Nearly 300 students pass out from such institutes every year in the State.
The field of Odia journalism does not encompass to the level achieved by its neighbours. This is because of the reading behavior of the Odia people and the lack of experiment in journalistic writing. Apart from this lacunae, there is another problem which posed itself as the wall against the development of Odia journalism. i.e. those who pursue journalism, lack interest in the subject, usually deserting their opted profession. Majority of them prefer to work in PR, HR sector. So, the day long practice of news presentation style remained unchanged. Still now the stereotype concept is followed by many journalist. In print media the style of samaj and prjatantra remained unchanged. In electronic media, the news presentation style is more or less borrowed from doordarsan and trained at Etv. In print media( esp. regional language) very few journalists challenged the old style and experimented some thing new. because, lack of readership surveys and proper analysis the new styles borrowed form English and Hindi media and successfully implemented here. But, among the new generation writers and journalists who dared to change the old, Lambodar Prasad Dash is one. His news stories on naxlaite activities and crime scene are excellent. simple to understand and can draw enthusiasm even in a first time reader. He is an alumnus of Berhampur University journalism department. In his 13 years career as many as 200 articles published in different news papers, Magazines. Presently he is serving as Bureau Chief of Aromv, A daily odiya news papers owned by Chandra Mishra, Another noted journalist from Orissa. Journalist Lambodar got several opportunities to reform his writing style when he was working under some of the noted journalists like, Gopal krushna Mahapatro, Sarat Mishra, Ranjit Guru, Gaourahari das, Prasant Pattanaik, Nabin das, etc.
Transportation
Odisha is connected to India through roads, railways, airports, and seaports. Bhubaneshwar is well connected by air, rail and road with the rest of India. The Biju Patnaik airport is being expanded to accommodate wide bodied aircraft. Few highways are getting four lanned.[30]
Regular airports
• Biju Patnaik Airport
• Jharsuguda Airport under proposal by AAI
• Berhampur Airport (Rangeilunda)
Air strips
Barbil, Keonjhar by State Govt.
Baripada (Rajabasa), Mayurbhanj by Ex-Maharaja
Birsal, Dhenkanal by State Govt.
Hirakud (Jamadarpalli), Sambalpur by State Govt.
Jeypore, Koraput by State Govt.
Jharsuguda, Jharsuguda by AAI
Raisuan, Keonjhar by State Govt.
Nuapada (Gotma), Nuapada by State Govt.
Padampur (Sativata), Bargarh by State Govt.
Phulbani (Gudari), Kandhamal by State Govt.
Rairangpur (Dandbose), Mayurbhanj by State Govt.
Rangeilunda (Gopalpur), Ganjam by State Govt.
Rourkela, Sundergarh by SAIL
Therubali, Rayagada by IMFA
Tusura, Bolangir by State Govt.
Utkela, Kalahandi by State Govt.
Amarda Road, Mayurbhanj by Defence
Seaports
• Port of Paradip
• Port of Dhamara[6]
• Port of Gopalpur (Commenced Operation From January 2007 As Seasonal Port)
Dists of Odisha
1:Balasore 2:Bhadrakh 3:Anugul 4:Baragarh 5:Bauda 6:Cuttack 7:Deogarh 8:Dhenkanal 9:Gajapati 10:Ganjam 11:Jagatsinghapur 12:Jajapur 13:Jharsuguda 14:Kalahandi 15:Kandhamal 16:Kendrapara 17:Kendujhar 18:Khordha 19:koraput 20:Malkangiri 21:Mayurbhanj 22:Nabarangpur 23:Nayagarh 24:Nuapara 25:Puri 26:Rayagada 27:Sonepur 28:Sundergarh 29:Balangir 30:Sambalpur
Demographics
|Religion in Odisha |
|Religion | | |Percent | |
|Hinduism | |94.6% |
|Christianity | |2.4% |
|Islam | |2.1% |
|Others | |0.9% |
According to the 2001 census of India, the total population of Odisha is 36,706,920, of which 18,612,340 (50.89%) are male and 18,094,580 (49.11%) are female, or 972 females per 1000 males. This represents a 16.25% increase over the population in 1991. The population density is 236 per km² and 85.01% of the people live in rural areas and 14.99% live in urban areas.
Oriya is the official language of Odisha and spoken as a native language by about 73% of the people. Other linguistic minorities in the state are Bengali, Hindi, Telugu, Santali. The literacy rate is 63.61% with 75.95% of males and 50.97% of females being literate. The proportion of people living below the poverty line in 1999–2000 was 47.15% which is nearly double the all India average of 26.10%. Scheduled Castes and Tribes form 16.53% and 22.13% of the state population, constituting 38.66% of the State population. Some of the important tribes are Santhal, Bonda, Munda, Oraon, Kora and Mahali.
Data of 1996–2001 showed the life expectancy in the state was 61.64 years, higher than the national value of years. The state has a birth rate of 23.2%, a death rate of 9.1%, an infant mortality rate of 65 per 1000 live birth and a maternal mortality rate of 358 per 1,000,000 live births. Odisha has a HDI of 0.579 in 2004.
The dominant ethnic group are the Odia people. Many other groups are defined as Scheduled Tribes. Odias comprise 73% of Odisha's population while various tribal groups comprise most of the rest.[31]
Literature
The history of Odia Literature has been mapped by historians and linguists along the following stages, Old Odia (900–1300 AD), Early Middle Odia (1300–1500 AD), Middle Odia (1500–1700 AD), Late Middle Odia (1700 AD – 1850 AD) and Modern Odia (from 1850 AD till the present). But this rude categorization could not skillfully draw the real picture on account of development and growth of Odia Literature. Here, we split the total periods in different stages such as: Age of Charya Literature, Age of Sarala Das, Age of Panchasakha, Age of Upendra Bhanja, Age of Radhanath, Age of Satyabadi, Age of Marxism or Pragati yuga, Age of Romanticism or Sabuja Yuga, Post Independent Age.
The beginnings of Odia poetry coincide with the development of Charya Sahitya, the literature thus started by Mahayana Buddhist poets.[32] This literature was written in a specific metaphor named "Sandhya Bhasha" and the poets like Luipa, Kanhupa are from the territory of Odisha. The language of Charya was considered as Prakrita.
The first great poet of Odisha is the famous Sarala-Das who wrote the Mahabharata, not an exact translation from the Sanskrit original, rather an imitation of the same. Among many of his poems and epics, he is best remembered for his Mahabharata. Chandi Purana and the Vilanka Ramayana are also two of his famous creations. Arjuna Das, a contemporary to Sarala Dasa, wrote Rama-Bibha, a significant long poem in Odia.
Towards the 16th century, five poets emerged, though there are hundreds year gap in between them. But they are known as Panchashakhas as they believed to same school of thought, Utkaliya Vaishnavism. The poets are: Balaram Das, Jagannath Das, Achyutananada Das, Ananta Das and Jasobanta Das. The Panchasakhas are very much Vaishnavas by thought. In 1509 Chaitanya Mahaprabhu came to Odisha with his Vaishnava message of love. Before him Jaydev had prepared the ground by heralding the cult of Vaishnavism through his Geetagovinda. Chaitanya’s path of devotion was known as Raganuga Bhakti Marga, but the Panchasakhas differed from Chaitanyas and believed in Gyana Mishra Bhakti Marga, which has similarities with the Buddhist philosophy of Charya Literature stated above.
The Panchashakhas, however, are the direct disciples of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. Along with another seer Shri Arakhsita Das, they are called also as sada-goswami (six Lords). These five saints primarily believed in Vaishnavism and also additionally cultured and developed Gyana Mishra Bhakti Marga as stated earlier (beliefs about the body, the mind, the soul, and the Parambrahm). They have composed numerous manuscripts, mâlikas, devotional poems, Sadhana descriptions, and other religious scriptures. Also, many prophecies are described by these seers in there numerous literature. Most of the literature were written in hand on palm-leaves using the Devanagari or the Oriya script.
The two prime works from the five writers are the Bhâgavata by Jagannath Das and the Jagamohana Râmâyana by Balarâm Das. Till today Jagannath Das’s Bhâgavata is the most valued book in Oriya literature. Besides this great work he (Jagannath Das) also composed Artha Koili, Darubrahma Geetâ, Shunya Bhâgabata, Dhruba Stuti etc. Balaram Das, apart from Jagamohana Râmâyana, has also composed various works such as the Lakshmi Purâna, Vendântasâra Guptagitâ, Nâma-mâhatmya, Bhâva samudra, Sisu Veda, Kamalalochana Chautisâ, Kânta Koili. Shri Ananta Das, also known as Shishu Ananta Das has composed various devotional literature, e.g., Chumbaka malikâ, Nilagiri charita, Hetu Udaya Bhâgabata, Artha Târeni Prasnottara, Anâkâra Samhitâ, Bhaktimuktipradâyaka Geetâ. Similarly, Shri Jasovanta Das composed Shiba Shirodaya, Premabhaktibrahma Geetâ, Âtmaparatey Geetâ, Gobindachandra.
Acyutananda was the most prolific writer of the Panchasakhas and has written numerous books (called as pothi's), believed not in one life but in many successive lives. He is known as the Mahapurusha, which means - a great man. A few works of him are: Shunya Samhita, Chaurashi Yantra, Gurubhakti Geeta, Khila Haribamsa, Gupta Bhagabata, Kaivarta Geeta, Kaala Nirghanta, Tera Janma Sharana, Brahma Ekahshara Geeta, Gopala Ogâla, Bhava Samudra, Garuda Geeta, Brahma Shankuli, Ananta Bata Geeta, Kali Kalkpa Geeta, Asta Gujjari, Gujjari Raasa, Brahma Kundali, Mahagupta Padmakalpa, Chausathi Patala, Chayalisha Patala, Chabisa Patala, Dasa Patala, Neetya Raasa, Manmatha Chandrika, Shiva Kalpa, Achyutananda Janma Sharana, Chitta Bodha, Raasa Maala, and Panchasakhaa Bhajana. The Shunya Samhita dealt with spiritual knowledge as well as physical sciences like solar science, atomic and molecular concepts, and aerospace concepts. The term Chauraashi Yantra describes '84 yantras' embedded within the human body, the later itself is ~84 fingers in length and each Yantra is located for each finger-length space. However, the most popular one seems to be an "Oracle of Prophecies" named as Bhavishya Malika. Among prophecies also are Aagata bhabishya lekhanaa and Bhavishya Paraardha. About the Identification of his disciple and the primary devotees, he had composed the Jaiphula Malika. Also his copper oracle (Tamrapothi) which appears to mysteriously read the mind and provide suitable answers is still available today, operated by a priest in Kakatpur.
Shri Arakhsita Das, the seer of Olasuni, had written the Mahimandala Geeta, the Bhakti Tikaa, the Saptaanga Abadhuta Samhita, and the Tatvasara Geeta.
At the end of age of Panchasakha, the prominent poets are Dinakrushna Das, Upendra Bhanja and Abhimanyu Samanta Simhar. Verbal jugglery, obscenity and eroticism as the characteristics of Shringara Kavyas, became the trend of this period to which Upendra Bhanja took a leading role. His creations were Baidehisha Bilasa, Koti Brahmanda Sundari, Lavanyabati were proved land mark in Odia Literature. Upendra Bhanja was conferred with the title Kabi Samrat of Odia literature for the aesthetic poetic sense and verbal jugglery proficiency. Dinakrushna Das’s Rasokallola and Abhimanyu samanta Simhara’s Bidagdha Chintamani are prominent kavyas of this time.
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Fakir Mohan Senapati
The first Odia printing typeset was cast in 1836 by the Christian missionaries which made a great revolution in Odia literature. Instead of palm leaf inscription, the books were being printed and the periodicals and journals were published. The first Odia Magazine of 'Bodha Dayini' was published from Balasore in 1861. The main object of this magazine was to promote Odia literature and to draw attention to the lapses in government policy. The first Odia paper, 'The Utkal Deepika' made its appearance in 1866 under the editorship of late Gouri Sankar Ray with the help of late Bichitrananda. The publication of these papers during the last part of the 19th century encouraged the modern literature and acted as a media to provide a wide readers range for the writers, The educated intellectuals came in contact with the English Literature and got influenced. Radhanath Ray (1849–1908) is the prime figure, who tried to write his poems with the influence of Western Literature. He wrote Chandrabhaga, Nandikeshwari, Usha, Mahajatra, darbar and Chilika wee the long poems or Kavyas. Fakir Mohan Senapati (1843–1918), the prime figure of modern Odia Fiction Prose is the product of that generation. He was considered the Vyasakabi or founder poet of Odia language. Fakir Mohan Senapati is well known for his novel Chha Maana Atha Guntha. It is the first Indian novel to deal with the exploitations of landless peasants by the feudal Lord. It was written much before the October revolution of Russia or much before the emerging of Marxist ideas in India.
With rise of freedom movement, a literary though was emerged with the influence of Gandhiji and idealistic trend of Nationalism formed as a new trend in Odia Literature. Much respected personality of Odisha culture and history, Utkalmani Gopabandhu Dash (1877–1928) has founded a school at avillage Satyabadi near Sakshigopal of Odisha and an idealstic literary movement influenced the writers of this age. Godabarisha Mohapatra, Kuntala-Kumari Sabat the other renowned name of this age.
With the emergence of soviet Russia in 1935, a Communist party was formed in Odisha and a periodical named "Adhunika" was published by the party. Bhagawati Charan Panigrahi and Sachidananda Routray were the founder members and writer/poets of the party. Bhagwati turned to fiction writing and though Sachidananda Routray (who is better known as "Sachi Routra" or Sachi Babu) has written some short stories is actually remembered for his poems. Influenced by the romantic thoughts of Rabindranath tagore, during the thirties when the progressive Marxian movements was in full flow in Odia Literature, Kalindi Charan Panigrahi, the brother of Bhagabati Charan Panigrahi, the founder of Marxian Trend in Odisha, formed a group circa 1920 called "Sabuja Samiti." Mayadhar Mansingh was a renowned poet of that time though he was considered as a romantic poet, but he kept the distance away from the influence of Rabindranath successfully.
As the successor of Sachi Babu, two poets Guruprasad Mohanty (popularly known as Guru Prasad) (1924–2004) and Bhanuji Rao came with T.S. Eliot and published their co-authored poetry book "Nutan Kabita". Later, Ramakanta Rath modified the ideas. Sitakanta Mohapatra, Soubhagya Kumar Mishra, Rajendra Kihore Panda, Brajanath Rath, Jayanta Mahapatra, Kamalakant Lenka, J P Das, Brahmotri Mohanty, Mamata Dash, Amaresh Patnaik, Hrushikesh Mallick, Sunil Kumar Prusty, Sucheta Mishra, Aparna Mohanty, Pritidhara Samal, Basudev Sunani, Gajanan Mishra, Bharat Majhi are some poets of this contemporary age. In the Post-Independence Era Odia fiction assumed a new direction. The trend which Fakir Mohan has started actually developed more after 50’s of last century. Gopinath Mohanty (1914–1991), Surendra Mohanty and Manoj Das (1934– ) are considered as three jewels of this time. The other significant fiction writers are Chandrasekhar Rath, Dr Jagannath Prasad Das, Shantanu Acharya, Mohapatra Nilamani Sahoo, Rabi Patnaik, Debraj Lenka, Tarun Kanti Mishra, Krushna Prasad Mishra, Akhil Mohan Patnaik, Jagadish Mohanty, Kanheilal Das. Satya Mishra, Ramchandra Behera, Padmaja Pal, Binapani Mohanty, Prativa Ray, Yashodhara mishra and Sarojini Sahoo are a few writers whose writings have created a new age in the field of fiction. Jayanti Ratha, Susmita Bagchi. Paramita Satpathy, Hiranmayee Mishra, Chirashree IndraSingh Supriya Panda, Gayatri Saraf, Mamata Chowdhry are few fiction writerw in this period, In the field of drama, the traditional Odia theatre is the folk opera, or Jatra, which flourishes in the rural areas of Odisha. Modern theatre is no longer commercially viable. But in the 1960, experimental theatre made a mark through the works of Manoranjan Das, who pioneered the new theatre movement with his brand of experimentalism. Bijay Mishra, Biswajit Das, Kartik Rath, Ramesh Chandra Panigrahi, Ratnakar Chaini, Ranjit Patnaik continued the tradition.
As a whole, Odia literature is a strong wing of Indian Literature to represent in world forum.
Literary magazines: (monthly) Jhankar, Nabarabi, Apurba, Galpa, Kahani, Kadambini, Istahara, Udbhasa, Amrutayana, Nabalipi, Pratibeshi, Paschima, Bijaya, Bartika, Chitra, Bishwamukti, Ama Samaya, Sananda, Godhuli Lagna, Bigyan Diganta (Science), and pourusha.
Culture
The language spoken by the majority of the people is Odia. English is widely used for official purpose and Oriya is used as regional language. Oriya belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family, and is closely related to Bengali and Assamese. A few tribal languages belonging to the Dravidian and Munda language families are spoken by the Adivasis (original inhabitants) of the state. The state has a very opulent cultural heritage, one of the richest in India. The capital city of Bhubaneshwar is known for the exquisite temples that dot its landscape. The famous classical dance form, Odissi originated in Odisha. Contemporary Odisha has a proud cultural heritage that arose due to the intermingling of three great religious traditions – Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The culture of the Adivasis is an integral part of modern Odia heritage.
Dance
Odissi or Orissi dance and music is classified as a classical music of India.Odissi is the oldest surviving dance form in India on the basis of archaeological evidence.[33][34] Odissi has a long, unbroken tradition of 2,000 years,[citation needed] and finds mention in the Natyashastra of Bharatamuni, possibly written circa 200 BC. However, the dance form nearly went extinct during the British period, only to be revived after India's independence by a few Gurus, such as Guru Deba Prasad Das, Guru Mayadhar Raut, Guru Pankaj Charan Das, Guru Mahadev Rout, Guru Raghu Dutta, and Guru Kelu Charan Mahapatra. Odissi classical dance is about the love of Krishna and his supposed consort Radha, mostly drawn from compositions by the notable Odia poet Jayadeva, who lived in the twelfth century AD.
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Ghumura Dance
Ghumura Dance (or Ghumra Dance) is one of the most sought and leading folk dance form in Odisha. It is classified as folk dance as the dress code of Ghumura resembles more like a tribal dance, but recent researchers argue different mudra and dance form present in Ghumura bear more resemblance with other classical dance form of India.[35] The timeline of Ghumura dance is not clear. Many researchers claim it was a War dance in ancient India and used by Ravana in Ramayana. Ghumura dance is depicted in Konark Sun Temple confirming this dance form is since the medieval period. In the Madhya Parba of Sarala Mhabharata Ghumura has been mentioned as: "Dhola Madala Gadi je Ghumura Bajai Ghumura je Ghumu Ghumu Hoi Garajai" In Chandi Purana mentions: "Biratwara Biradhola Daundi Ghumura Kadamardala Bajanti Mari Galatura" Ghumura was also used as a Darbari dance in the princely state of Kalahandi and played by the earstwhile Kalahandi state during war times.[35] The typical mixed sound that comes out of the musical instruments like Ghumura, Nishan, Dhol, Taal, Madal etc. and the expressions and movements of the artists make this dance to be a Heroic Dance[36]. Since thousands of years Ghumura dance has evolved from a war dance to a dance form for cultural and social activities. The dance is associated with social entertainment, relaxation, love, devotion and friendly brotherhood among all class, creed and religion in the present days. Traditionally this dance is also associated with Nuakhai and Dasahara celebration in Kalahandi and large parts of South Western Orissa. Ghumura dance is still hidden in the village level in South Western Odisha and some parts of bordering Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Kalahandi region has taken a leading rule in popularizing and retaining its unique identity of Ghumura dance. Kalahandi is mainly known as land of Ghumura.[36] Ghumura dance has got the opportunity to represent the nation in various international events Delhi, Moscow, Kolkata, and various other cities in India. Ghumura dance is also one of the most researched folk dance form in Odisha.
Kau dance (or Chau dance) is a form of tribal martial dance attributed to origins in Mayurbhanj princly state of Odisha and seen in the Indian states of West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha. There are three subtypes of the dance, based on the original places where the subtypes were developed. Seraikella Chau was developed in Seraikella, the administrative head of the Seraikela Kharsawan district of Jharkhand, Purulia Chau in Purulia district of West Bengal and Mayurbhanj Chau in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha.
Mahari Dance is one of the important dance forms of Odisha and originated in the temples of Odisha. History of Odisha provides evidence of the 'Devadasi' cult in Odisha. Devadasis were dancing girls who were dedicated to the temples of Odisha. The Devadasis in Odisha were known as 'Maharis' and the dance performed by them came to be known as Mahari Dance.
It was during the reign of Chodagangadeva, Maharis were employed in the temples of Puri. After Chodagangadeva's death, Ananabhimadeva built Natyamandapa in the Jagannath temple for the dance performances inside the temple. Moreover, in those days, the Mahari dancers belonged to different categories namely, the 'Nachunis' (dancers), the Bahara Gauni, the Bhitara Gauni and the Gaudasanis.
The Mahari Dancers of Odisha are supposed to follow certain restrictions, such as:
• They cannot enjoy.
• They should dance on the ceremonies connected to Jagannath.
• They should adhere to the specifications made by the Sastras.
• They must always wear clean cloths.
• The dancer cannot be physically handicapped.
• At the time of the performances, the dancers are not supposed to look at the audience.
• The Maharis are married to the Lord at the age of nine.
• Before their performances, the Mahari dancers pay their obeisance to the Lord.
In Odisha, one can also come across another type of Mahari dancers, who are known as 'Samarpada Niyoga'. The duty of the 'Samarpada Niyoga' is to dance during the ceremonial procession of the deities. These dancers perform during the Ratha Yatra, Jhulana Yatra, Dola Yatra, etc.
The Western Odisha has also great variety of dance forms unique to Odisha culture. The children's verses are known as "Chhiollai", "Humobauli" and "Dauligit", the adolescent poems are "Sajani", "Chhata", "Daika", "Bhekani" : the eternal youth composes "Rasarkeli", "Jaiphul", "Maila Jada", "Bayamana", "Gunchikuta" and "Dalkhai", The work-man's poetry comprises "Karma" and "Jhumer" pertaining to Vishwakarma and the "Karamashani" deities. The professional entertainers perform Dand, Danggada, Mudgada, Ghumra, Sadhana, sabar – Sabaren, Disdigo, Nachina – Bajnia, Samparda and Sanchar. They are for all occasions, for all time with varieties of rhythm and rhyme.
Pala is a unique form of balladry in Odisha, which artistically combines elements of theatre, classical Odissi music, highly refined Odia and Sanskrit poetry, wit, and humour. The literal meaning of pala is turn. It is more sophisticated than the other Odia ballad tradition, Daskathia. Pala is presented in three ways. The names can be mentioned as baithaki or `seated`, in which the performers sit on the ground throughout. The other one is thia or `standing`. This is more popular and aesthetically more satisfying, in which they stand. Badi is a kind of thia in which two groups vie for excellence. This is the most entertaining, as there is an element of competition.
Gotipua dance is another form of dance in Odisha. In Odia colloquial language Gotipua means single boy. The dance performance done by a single boy is known as Gotipua dance, When decadence and declination came in to Devadasi or mahari tradition due to various reasons this Gotipua dance tradition evolved as sequel as these performance were practiced to please the gods. It is totally unknown that when exactly this danced form came in to practice. Still some historians say that this dance tradition appears to have originated during the region of Prataprudradev (1497 AD to 1540 AD) and gained popularity in the subsequent Muslim Rule. Ray Remananda the famous Vaishnavite Minister of King Pratapruda and ardent follower of Sri Chitanya is the originator of this boy dancing tradition, As Vasishnavs were not approving of the females in to dance practices so it possible that the dance tradition must have come after Sri Chaitanya came to Odisha. The Gotipua Dance Tradition is now seen in the village Raghurajpur situated 10 km away from Puri town, situated on the banks of river Bhargabi. It is otherwise known as the Crafts Village as various Odia handicrafts’ craftsmen reside in this village contributing their expertise in Patta Painting and other handukrafts.
Prince Dance Group,a dance group based in Berhampur, Odisha, India led by Krishna Mohan Reddy. It has won a reality show India's Got Talent on an Indian TV channel "Colors" [1]The group is unique that the members are from a remote part of India and most of them are from disadvantaged sections of different parts of Ganjam district. Two of them, Padmanabha Sahu (24) and Telu Tarini (13) are physically challenged[2]. They have won the hearts of all Odias, including chief minister Naveen Patnaik, and even outsiders with their performance in the programme "India's Got Talent". The group, comprising 26 artistes held the audience and the judges engrossed with their act from the mythological Mahabharata and Vande Maataram.
[edit] Music
Sixteenth century witnessed the compilation of literature on music. The four important treatises written during that time are Sangitamava Chandrika, Natya Manorama, Sangita Kalalata and Gita Prakasha. Odissi music is a combination of four distinctive kinds of music, namely, Chitrapada, Dhruvapada, Panchal and Chitrakala. When music uses artwork, it is known as Chitikala. A unique feature of Odia music is the Padi, which consists of singing of words in fast beat.
Being a part of the rich culture of Odisha, its music is also as much charming and colorful. Odissi music is more than two thousand five hundred years old and comprises a number of categories. Of these, the five broad ones are Tribal Music, Folk Music, Light Music, Light-Classical Music and Classical Music. Anyone who is trying to understand the culture of Odisha must take into account its music, which essentially forms a part of its legacy. In the ancient times, there were poets who wrote the lyrics of poems and songs that were sung to rouse the religious feelings of people. It was by the eleventh century that the music of Odisha, in the form of Triswari, Chatuhswari, and Panchaswari, underwent transformation and was converted into the classical style.
Folk music like yogi gita, kendara gita,dhuduki badya,prahallad natak,palla, sankirtan, mogal tamasa, gitinatya, kandhei nacha, kela nacha,ghoda nacha, danda nacha and daskathia are popular in Odisha.
Almost every tribal group has their own distinct song and dance style.
Structural art
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Sambalpuri Baandha Saree
Other cultural attractions include the Jagannatha Temple in Puri, known for its annual Rath Yatra or Car Festival, the unique and beautiful applique artwork of Pipili, silver filigree ornamental works from Cuttack, the Patta chitras (palm leaf paintings), famous stone utensils of Nilgiri (Balasore) and various tribal influenced cultures. The Sun temple at Konark is famous for its architectural splendour and erotic sculpture, while the 'Sambalpuri textiles' equals it in its artistic grandeur.The saree of Odisha is much in demand throughout the entire world. The different colors and varieties of sarees in Odisha make them very popular among the women of the state. The handloom sarees available in Odisha can be of four major types; these are Ikat, Bandha, Bomkai and Pasapalli. Odisha sarees are also available in other colors like cream, maroon, brown and rust. The tie-and-dye technique used by the weavers of Odisha to create motifs on these sarees is unique to this region. This technique also gives the sarees of Odisha an identity of their own.
Sand art
A unique type of art form was developed at Puri[citation needed], but it has spread all over the world. To carve a sand sculpture, the raw material is clean and fine-grained sand mixed with water. With the help of this type of sand and by the magic of fingers, an artist can carve a beautiful and attractive sculpture on the beach. Sudarshana Pattanaik is one of the major world-class artists in this sculpture.[citation needed]
Although not historically proved, there is a story in the Odia myths regarding the origin of sand sculpture: "Poet Balaram Das, the author of Dandi Ramayan was a great devotee of Jagannath. Once during Ratha Yatra (Car Festival), he tried to climb the chariot of Jagannath to offer his prayer. He wasn't allowed by the priests of the chariot to climb it and was also insulted by them. With great frustration and humiliation he came to the beach (Mahodadhi) and carved statues of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Devi Subhadra on the golden sand.
Religion
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Gita Govinda manuscript
The majority of people in the state of Odisha are Hindu and there is a also rich cultural heritage in the state. For example, Odisha is home to several Hindu figures. Sant Bhima Bhoi was a leader of the Mahima sect movement. Sarala Dasa, an adivasi, was the translator of the epic Mahabharata in Odia. Chaitanya Dasa was a Buddhistic-Vaishnava and writer of the Nirguna Mahatmya. Jayadeva was the author of the Gita Govinda.
The Orissa Temple Authorisation Act of 1948 empowered the Government of Odisha to have Hindu temples open for all Hindus including the Harijans.[37]
Perhaps the oldest scripture of Odisha is the Madala Panji from the Puri Temple believed from 1042 AD. Famous Hindu Odian scripture includes the 16th century Bhagabata of Jagannatha Dasa.[38] In the modern times Madhusudan Rao was a major Odia writer, who was a Brahmo Samajist and shaped modern Odia literature at the turn of the 20th century.[39]
Cinema
The Odia film production in the initial years was very slow. After first Odia film Sita Bibaha in 1936, only two films were produced till 1951. A joint consortium of landlords and businessmen who collected funds after 1948 produced those two movies. The first film 'Sita Bibaha' was directed by Mohan Sunder Dev Goswami and was released in Laxmi Theatre, Puri. The 1951 production Roles to Eight was the first Odia film having an English name. It was released after 15 years of the first Odia film Sita Bibaha. It was the fourth Odia film produced by Ratikanta Padhi.The eleventh Odia film Sri Lokenath was the first Odia film, which got National Award in 1960 directed by Prafulla Sengupta.[40]
The same year, Prasant Nanda won a National Award as best actor for the film Nua Bou with his debut film. The name of Prasantha Nanda would always come while dealing with Odia Film Industry. He was present in Odia films since 1939, but he became active only after 1976. Nanda served Odia Film Industry as an actor, director, screenplay writer, and lyricist and even as a playback singer. Such a versatile genius is quite rare in Indian cinema history. Nanda alone carried Odia films into the national honor list by winning National Awards three times in 1960, 1966 and 1969 for his acting in Nua Bou, Matira Manisha and Adina Megha. Uttam Mohanty, whose debut film Abhiman won accolades all over, is now the veteran actor of the Odia Film Industry. His wife Aparajita Mohanty is also a renowned actress. Sarat Chandra Pujari was one of the most popular actor of the 60S era. His popular films are Nua Bou, Jeevan Sathi,Sadhana,Manika Jodi, Naba Janma, Matira Manisa, Arundhati,Ghara Sansara, Bhookha etc. His films portrayed the general condition of the state of Odisha with a strong social message. Mr Sarat Chandra Pujari is a prominent figure till now. Apart from being an actor he was also a successful director and an academician. He still continues to act in a few selected films. Currently he is enjoying his retired life and writes columns in the newspapers as his hobby.Raju Mishra is another rising star in Odia film industry. He is an international award wining photographer, director, choreographer and lyricist of Odia film industry. Other well known actors are Bijaya Mohanty,Uttam Mohanty, Sidhharth, Sriram Panda, Maheswata, Tandra Ray and others.
Cuisine
Oriya cuisine Odisha has culinary tradition spanning centuries if not millennia. The kitchen of the famous Jagannath temple in Puri is reputed to be the largest in the world, with a thousand chefs, working around 752 wood-burning clay hearths called chulas, to feed over 10,000 people each day.[citation needed]
Salepur Rasogolla is famous and it is mainly prepared by Kar and Brothers (Bikalananda Kar) of salepur. Its branches are also present in cuttack and Bhubaneswar. Pahala, located on the Cuttack-Bhubaneshwar road, is famous for its variety of Rasgullas. The well-known rice pudding, kheeri (kheer) that is relished all over India, also originated in Puri two thousand years ago. Chhenapoda is also a major Odisha sweet cuisine originated in Nayagarh, it is made by caramelizing cottage cheese with sugar, cardamom and other ingredients and then burning it over a chula (wood-burning clay hearths). Chenna Jheeli and malpua are other famous sweet deserts. One of the most famous delicacies of Odisha is Kakara Peetha (made of sooji or finely grained wheat) especially with coconut filling sauteed with pepper, cardamom, sugar and ghee and sometimes cottage cheese (chena). Its one of the major delicacy during the festival occasions.
Pakhala, a dish made of rice, water, and yoghurt, that is fermented overnight, is very popular in summer, particularly in the rural areas. Odias are very fond of sweets and no Odia repast is considered complete without some dessert at the end. A typical meal in Odisha consists of a main course and dessert. Typically breads are served as the main course for breakfast, whereas rice is eaten with lentils (dals) during lunch and dinner. The main course also includes one or more curries, vegetables and pickles. Given the fondness for sweet foods, the dessert course may include generous portions of more than a single item. Odia desserts are made from a variety of ingredients, with milk, chhenna (a form of ricotta cheese), coconut, rice, and wheat flour being the most common.
Also one of the most famous veg dishes are Dalma (made of lentils and vegetables boiled together and then fried with other spices) and Santula. Even the former Indian President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam introduced these into the Rashtrapati Bhavan Menu. Ghanta and Posta curries are also some of the signature dishes.
Odisha food habit is pretty balanced between the non-veg and veg habits. Due to its vast shoreline and number of rivers flowing across, fish is a very important part of the diet. Odisha also expertises in sea food cuisines like Prawn and Crab. The famous Chilika Lake is particularly famous for offering best sea food cuisines that are one of a lifetime experience.[citation needed]
Odisha's food habit is actually the horizon between the South Indian food habit and the North Indian Food habits. One can easily find Dosas, Vadas and idlis being served as breakfast and snacks which are typically south Indian food and also can find Poori- Chole, Samosa's(locally called Singada), and other north Indian delicacies in the menu. One of the best combination of both the North and South of India is Dahibara-Aludum-Gugguni especially in the city of Cuttack. Dahibara (vadaa Dipped and soaked in curd), aludum (a spicy curry made from potato) and Guuguni(chickpea Curry) really go well together and is one of the best fusion of the Indian Subcontinent recipes.
Education
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Ratnagiri University
The ruins of a major ancient university and center of Buddhist learning, Ratnagiri, were recently discovered in the Jajpur district of Odisha. Scholars from far away lands, such as Greece[citation needed], Persia and China used to study philosophy, astronomy, mathematics and science at this famed University. Taxila, Nalanda and Ratnagiri are amongst the oldest universities in the world. The ruins of Ratnagiri University have not been fully excavated yet.
The modern higher education system in Odisha is the legacy of the British Raj. There are eleven recognised universities or deemed universities viz. Ravenshaw University at Cuttack, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur (formerly University College of Engineering, Burla), Utkal University (at Bhubaneshwar), Sambalpur University at Sambalpur, Berhampur University at Berhampur, North Odisha University at Baripada, Fakir Mohan University at Balasore, Odisha University of Agricultural Technology (OUAT) at Bhubaneshwar, Utkal University of Culture at Bhubaneshwar, Biju Patnaik University of Technology at Rourkela, , Sri Jagannatha Sanskrit University and Sadashiva Kendriya Vidyapeetha Deemed (Sanskrit) University both at Puri and KIIT University in Bhubaneshwar. Many of these universities have numerous constituent colleges some of which are autonomous such as BJB College at Bhubaneshwar, SCS College at Puri, N.C. College at Jajpur, G.M. College at Sambalpur, Khalikote college at Berhampur, F.M. College at Balasore among others.
Entry to various institutes of higher education especially into engineering degrees is through a centralised Joint Entrance Examination, conducted by the Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology where seats are provided according to order of merit. [41]
Berhampur university is located in the center of Odisha in the city Berhampur way to Gopalpur. [42]
One of the prestigious institutions of India, NIT Rourkela, National Institute of Technology was upgraded from Regional Engineering College and is an Institute of National Importance. Another premier college of Odisha is the Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, which is the first engineering college in Odisha and is famous for its excellent infrastructure and state-of-art teaching methodology.[citation needed]
Odisha is also home to one of the two Indian Institute of Mass Communication IIMC situated in Dhenkanal. This is a premier institute for mass communication and journalism.[citation needed]
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Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneshwar
The Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar (XIMB) is a premier business school of national and international significance[citation needed] located in the state capital. The National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar (NISER) is another premier educational cum research institution[citation needed] that is being set up. It will be built along the lines of the reputed IISc, Bangalore. The government of Odisha has provided 935 acres (3.78 km2) of land at Arugul near Jatni Railway Station for IIT Bhubaneshwar. Classes have already started from 2008 batch.IIT BBSR The plans of setting up of an AIIMS is also in advanced stages. Meanwhile Vedanta University Project, a not-for-profit initiative by the Anil Agarwal Foundation, is an epoch-making dream to have a world class centre for learning and research on the picturesque Puri-Konark marine drive in Odisha. It will have about 100,000 students with an international mix of students pursuing around 95 diverse streams of learning in a sprawling campus of around 56,000,000 sq ft (5,200,000 m2) built up area supported by state of the art, IT and Communications systems. Even more recently, Reliance industries has expressed its intention of establishing a new Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology (DA-IICT), as well as a health city for medical education and research in Bhubaneshwar. Some of the research institutes of Odisha includes Institute of Physics at Bhubaneshwar, Institute of Life Sciences at Bhubaneshwar, Central Rice Research Institute at Cuttack, Central Institute of Fresh water Aquaculture (CIFA)at Bhubaneshwar, Regional Medical Research centre at Bhubaneshwar, Institute of Minerals and Material Technology at Bhubaneshwar and Regional Plant Resource Centre at Bhubaneshwar. As of now, Odisha receives the lowest per capita investment of all 28 states from the central government towards human resource development.
Odisha also boasts of many renowned medical Colleges such as SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Veer Surendra Sai Medical College, Burla and MKCG Medical College,Berhampur . These colleges have been able to produce excellent doctors who have gone on to head various top posts in the Union Medical Departments. Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneshwar and Hi-tech Medical College, Bhubaneshwar are some of the private world-class medical colleges and hospitals serving the state of Odisha. Many students from the neighboring state of Jharkhand, Bihar and Chattisgarh come to Odisha for better education and expertise. Various International and National Universities have signed MoUs with top colleges for various seminars and workshop to be conducted within the campuses. The elite IIT have started its classes in Bhubaneshwar and for which the plans have already been laid out and is already taking shape.
Tourism
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Konark Sun Temple built by the Eastern Ganga dynasty is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Ranigumpha part of Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves
The landscape of Odisha is dotted with a large number of temples. The temples of Odisha conform to the Indo Aryan Nagara style of architecture, with distinctive features specific to this region. The best known of these are the Lingaraja temple at Bhubaneshwar, Jagannath Temple at Puri and the Sun Temple at Konark. The temples of Odisha exhibit a majestic grandeur. An Odia temple (deula) usually consists of a sanctum, one or several front porches (jagamohana) usually with pyramidal roofs, a dancing hall (nata mandir) and a hall of offerings (bhog mandir).
'The Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneshwar boasts of a 150-foot (46 m) high deul while the Jagannath Temple at Puri is about 200 feet (61 m) high and it dominates the skyline of the town. Only a portion of the Sun Temple at Konark, the largest of the temples of the Golden triangle exists today, and it is still staggering in size. It stands out as a masterpiece in Odisha architecture. Odisha is also well known as a Buddhist and Jain pilgrimage destination. North-east of Cuttack, about 10 km from Bhubaneshwar, there are Buddhist relics and ruins at the three hilltop complexes of Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves, which still bear witness to Buddhism's fruitful tryst with this region until well into the 13th century.
Odisha's varying topography – from the wooded Eastern Ghats to the fertile river basin – has proven ideal for evolution of compact and unique ecosystems. Thereby creating such treasure troves of flora and fauna that even seem inviting to many migratory species of birds and reptiles. Bhitar Kanika National Park is famous for its second largest mangrove ecosystem. The bird sanctuary in Chilika (Asia's biggest brackish water lake) and the tiger reserve and waterfalls in Simlipal National Park are integral part of any eco tours in Odisha, arranged by Tourism of Odisha.[43]
The Gharial Sanctuary at Tikarpada and the Olive Ridley Sea Turtles in Gahirmatha turtle sanctuary also feature on the list of avid nature watchers. The city wildlife sanctuaries of Chandaka and Nandan Kanan are a must visit for the lessons they teach is conservation and revitalization of species from the brink of extinction.
Odisha is blessed with around 500 km long coastline and has some of the most beautiful beaches in the world. Chilika, Asia's largest brackish water lake, not only provides a haven for millions of birds, but is also one of the few places in India where one can view dolphins. The lush green forest cover of Odisha plays host to a wide variety of flora and fauna, including the famed Royal Bengal Tiger. Amidst the picturesque hills and valleys nestle a number of breathtaking waterfalls and rivulets that attract visitors from all over. Odisha beaches include Puri, Gopalpur-on-Sea, Chandipur, Ramachandi Beach, Balighai Beach, Astarang Beach, Paradeep Beach. The famous Shiva Temple is near Dhenkanal.
Children's literature in Oriya
Children's literature written in the Oriya language has a long history. Its roots are in Moukhika Sishu Sahitya, which is a part of the Loka Sahitya meant for the children. As its development started after modern education was implemented, Oriya children's literature is divided in two parts Oriya Moukhika children's literature and Oriya written children's literature.
Dr. Basanta Kishore Sahoo is a research scholar and a children's writer who published his Ph.D thesis on the topic, entitled "Oriya Moukhika Shisu Sahitya." He is an Indian children writer and research scholar who created his own field. He was born on 15 March 1955, at Kusupur, a famous village in the Mahanga block of Cuttack District of Orissa State where Palikabi Nanda Kishore Bal, Silpiguru Bimbadhar Barma, Kabi Gyanindra Burma, Reporter Rajendra Burma and Suvendra Burma, Editor Pradmyuna Bal and Sishu Sahityika Nanda Kishore Bal were Born. His father’s name is Bira Kishore Sahoo and mother’s name Malli Dei. Now he is working as a Lecturer in Oriya at Aeronautics College, Sunabeda of Koraput District. He is one of the famous children’s writer of the present time. He wrote 25 books in Oriya, English, Hindi and Bengali who are very popular among the children’s of Orissa. Phula Ame Phula is his first children’s poem collection which is published in 1992. After that his book Agada Bagada Jhainki Jhumpa is published which is give him name and fame. He wrote both criticism and creative books for the children’s as well as children’s scholars of the state in his mother tongue Oriya. He got his Ph. D. in Oriya Moukhika Shisu Sahitya which is also published in book form and popularize him among the scholar and readers because in this thesis he collected the folk songs of Orissa which are going to be abolished. He married to Smt. Binapani Sahoo D/o of Sri Raj Kishore Sahoo who is a Headmaster of M.E. School of Bartanda village of Jajpur District in 12 June 1985. Gitimaya Sahoo his son born in 1987 now he is working as software engineer at Infosys and daughter Bulbul Priyadarshini Sahoo is reading in +3. After doing the social and educational responsibility he engage himself to create a good moral poams for the betterment of children’s of Orissa. He also active participation to develop the Oriya Children’s Literature through Research Institute for Oriya Children’s Literature(RIOCL) established by Dr. Manindra Mohanty the first scholar of Oriya Children’s Literature and his guide. He get the full support from his wife Binapani Sahoo and two children’s to do something for the Oriya literature and language. He also edit a children’s magazine name as BAGALABAGULI from 1981 to 1985. He is founder secretary of Banaphula Sahitya Parishad, Sunabeda and Oriya Lekhaka Pathaka Sammelan Semiliguda for the development of Oriya Literature at undivided Koraput district. He started his profession career as instructor in Secretarial Practice and Hadidas Mahavidyalay, Chhatia as well as Aeronautics college Sunabeda. Now he is working as a Lect. In Oriya at Aeronautics College, Sunabeda. He has guided doctoral reaserach and also published many research articles in various research journal of Orissa. He is member of many organization of Orissa like Research Institute of Oriya Children’s Literature(RIOCL), AIJLC, Calcutta, Banaphula Sahitya Parishad, Sunabeda, Oriya Lekhaka Pathaka Sammelan, Semiliguda, Oriya Gabesana Parishad, Cuttack, Utkal Sahitya Samaj, Cuttack, Banaprabha Sahitya Parishad, Sunabeda and many more organization of the state of Orissa. Selected writing in children’s literature
• Phula Ame Phula 1992
• Agada Bagada Jhainki Jhumpa 1997
• Kalia Balada Galare Gala 2000
• Marinele Mohapatra 2000
• Uduuduma 2003
• Gachha Ama Jebana 2003
• Inchidi Minchidi 2003
• Aei Matira Manisha 2004
• Aainsi Mantara Kainsi Mantra 2004
• Gai Dia Pade Gita 2008
• Khara Barasa Gita 2008
• Biluananara Banabhoji 2008
• Hata Deba Bhala Kame 2009
• Basanta Kishore Rachanabali-I 2009
Criticism and Alochana
• Odiya Sishu Sahitya Alochana 1994
• Odiya Moukhika Sishu Sahitya(Ph.D. Thesis)1996
• Sampratika Shisu Sahitya O Sahityika 2000
• Odiya Shisu Sahityara Sahayak Pathyasuchi 2002
Other Publications
• Koraputra Parba Parbani 2005
• Koraputra Lokakatha 2005
• Ama Koraput 2005
Edited Books
• Koraput Parikrama (Edited) 1992
• Odishara Lokanatya(Edited) 1993
• Sampratika Shisu Sahitya(Edited) 2000
• Manindra Abhinandan Grantha(Edited) 2004
• Saraswata Sadhaka Dr. Jagannath Mohanty 2007
• Nanda Kishore Rachanabali 2007
Humor
• Kahaku Kahiba 2003
Hindi
• Bhaita Bhai 2003
Bangala
• Ekati Chand Aneka Tare 2004
English
• Who’s Who in Oriya Children’s Literature, Vol. I , 1995
• Who’s Who in Oriya Children’s Literature, Vol. I , 1997
• Drops of Nectar (Children’s Poem) 1998
* Edited Other Books and Magazines :
• Bagala Baguli (20 issues) 1981-1985
• Banaphula –I to 8 (8 volumes) 1986-96
• Koraput Parikrama (Poems) 1994
• Panchapakhuda (Collection of children’s Poems) 1992
• Deshatmabodhaka Kabita Samkalan 1992
• Bhagirathi Smaranika 2004
• Swarnakhetra-2006 2006
• Swarnakhetra-2007 2007
• Swarnakhetra-2008 2008
• Swarnakhetra-2009(Khetra Bisesanka) 2009
• Swarnakhetra-2010(Bhakta Bisesanka) 2010
• Aeronautica-VII Aeronautics College Magagine 1987-88
• Aeronautica-XI Aeronautics College Magagine 1991-92
• Aeronautica-XVII Aeronautics College Magagine 1997-98
• Aeronautica-XIX Aeronautics College Magagine 1999-2000
• Aeronautica-XXI Aeronautics College Magagine 2002-03
• Aeronautica-XIV Aeronautics College Magagine 2004-05
• Aeronautica-XV Aeronautics College Magagine 2005-06
• Aeronautica-XVI Aeronautics College Magagine 2006-07
• Aeronautica-XVII & XVIII Aeronautics College
Magagine 2008-09
List of languages by number of native speakers in India
India is home to several hundred languages. Most languages spoken in India belong either to the Indo-European (ca. 74%), the Dravidian (ca. 24%), the Austroasiatic (Munda) (ca. 1.2%), or the Tibeto-Burman (ca. 0.6%) families, with some languages of the Himalayas still unclassified. The SIL Ethnologue lists 415 living languages for India.
] Overview
Hindi (Standard Hindi in addition to many dialects of varying mutual intelligibility, forming a macrolanguage) is the most widespread language of India. The Indian census takes the widest possible definition of "Hindi" as a broad variety of "Hindi languages". The native speakers of Hindi so defined accounts for about 43% of Indians and another 27 to 43% of national population can understand or speak the language.
Indian English is recorded as the native language of 226,449 Indians in the 2001 census. English is the second "language of the Union" besides Hindi.[1]
Thirteen languages account for more than 1% of Indian population each, and between themselves for over 95%; all of them are "scheduled languages of the constitution." Scheduled languages spoken by less than 1% of Indians are Santali (0.64%), Nepali (0.28%), Sindhi (0.25%), Manipuri (0.14%), Bodo (0.13%), Dogri (0.01%), spoken in Jammu and Kashmir). The largest language that is not "scheduled" is Bhili (0.95%), followed by Gondi (0.27%), Kumaoni (0.21%), Tulu (0.17%) and Kurukh (0.10%)
List by number of native speakers
Further information: List of languages by number of native speakers
Ordered by number of speakers as first language. Indian population in 1991 exhibited 19.4% of bilingualism and 7.2% of trilingualism, so that the total percentage of "native languages" is at about 127%.
More than one million speakers
The 2001 census recorded 29 individual languages as having more than 1 million native speakers (0.1% of total population).
|Table: Ordered by number of native speakers |
|Rank[pic] |Language[pic] |2001 census[2] |1991 census[3] |Encarta 2007 estimate[4] |
| | |(total population 1,004.59 million) |(total population 838.14 million) |(worldwide speakers)[pic] |
| | |Speakers |Percentage |Speakers |Percentage |Speakers |
|1 |Hindi[5] |422,048,642 |41.03% |337,272,114[6] |40.0% |336 M |
|2 |Bengali |83,369,769 |8.11% |69,595,738 |8.30% |207 M |
|3 |Telugu |74,002,856 |7.37% |66,017,615 |7.87% |69.7 M |
|4 |Marathi |71,936,894 |6.99% |62,481,681 |7.45% |68.0 M |
|5 |Tamil |60,793,814 |5.91% |53,006,368 |6.32% |66.0 M |
|6 |Urdu |51,536,111 |5.01% |43,406,932 |5.18% |60.3 M |
|7 |Gujarati |46,091,617 |4.48% |40,673,814 |4.85% |46.1 M |
|8 |Kannada |37,924,011 |3.69% |32,753,676 |3.91% |40.3 M |
|9 |Malayalam |33,066,392 |3.21% |30,377,176 |3.62% |35.7 M |
|10 |Odia |33,017,446 |3.21% |28,061,313 |3.35% |32.3 M |
|11 |Punjabi |29,102,477 |2.83% |23,378,744 |2.79% |57.1 M |
|12 |Assamese |13,168,484 |1.28% |13,079,696 |1.56% |15.4 M |
|13 |Maithili |12,179,122 |1.18% | | | |
|14 |Bhili/Bhilodi |9,582,957 |0.95% |5,572,308 |0.665% | |
|15 |Santali |6,469,600 |0.64% |5,216,325 |0.622% | |
|16 |Kashmiri |5,527,698 |0.54% | | | |
|17 |Nepali |2,871,749 |0.28% | | | |
|18 |Gondi |2,713,790 |0.27% |2,124,852 |0.253% | |
|19 |Sindhi |2,535,485 |0.25% |2,122,848 |0.248% | |
|20 |Konkani |2,489,015 |0.24% |1,760,607 |0.210% | |
|21 |Dogri |2,282,589 |0.22% | | | |
|22 |Khandeshi |2,075,258 |0.21% | | | |
|23 |Kurukh |1,751,489 |0.17% |1,426,618 |0.170% | |
|24 |Tulu |1,722,768 |0.17% |1,552,259 |0.185% | |
|25 |Meitei/Manipuri |1,466,705* |0.14% |1,270,216 |0.151% | |
|26 |Bodo |1,350,478 |0.13% |1,221,881 |0.146% | |
|27 |Khasi |1,128,575 |0.112% | | | |
|28 |Mundari |1,061,352 |0.105% | | | |
|29 |Ho |1,042,724 |0.103% | | | |
* Excludes figures of Paomata, Mao-Maram and Purul sub-divisions of Senapati district of Manipur for 2001.
** The percentage of speakers of each language for 2001 has been worked out on the total population of India excluding the population of Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati district of Manipur due to cancellation of census results.
100,000 to one million speakers
|Rank |Language |Speakers |Percentage |
|32 |Kui |916,222 | |
|33 |Garo |889,479 | |
|34 |Kokborok |854,023 | |
|35 |Mizo |674,756 | |
|36 |Halabi |593,43 | |
|37 |Korku |574,481 | |
|38 |Munda |469,357 | |
|39 |Mishing |390,583 |0.047% |
|40 |Karbi/Mikir |366,229 |0.044% |
|41 |Saurashtra |310,000 |0.037% |
|42 |Savara |273,168 |0.033% |
|43 |Koya |270,994 |0.032% |
|44 |Kharia |225,556 |0.027% |
|45 |Khond/Kondh |220,783 |0.026% |
|46 |English |178,598* |0.021% |
|47 |Nishi |173,791 |0.021% |
|48 |Ao |172,449 |0.021% |
|49 |Sema |166,157 |0.020% |
|50 |Kisan |162,088 |0.019% |
|51 |Adi |158,409 |0.019% |
|52 |Rabha |139,365 |0.017% |
|53 |Konyak |137,722 |0.016% |
|54 |Malto |108,148 |0.013% |
|55 |Thado |107,992 |0.013% |
|56 |Tangkhul |101,841 |0.012% |
* There are 90 million speakers of English as a second or third language.
10,000 to 100,000 speakers
| | |1991 census |SIL estimate |
|57 |Kolami |98,281 (0.012%) |115,000 (1997) Northwestern: 50,000; Southeastern: 10,000 |
|58 |Angami |97,631 (0.012%) |109,000 (1997) |
|59 |Kodagu |97,011 (0.012%) |122,000 |
|60 |Dogri |89,681 (0.011%) |(Pakistan+India: 2.1 million) |
|61 |Dimasa |88,543 (0.011%) |106,000 |
|62 |Lotha |85,802 (0.010%) |80,000 |
|63 |Mao |77,810 (0.009%) |81,000 |
|64 |Tibetan |69,146 (0.008%) |124,280 (1994) |
|65 |Kabui (Rongmei) |68,925 (0.008%) |59,000 (1997) |
|66 |Phom |65,350 (0.008%) |34,000 (1997) |
The following are SIL Ethnologue estimates:
| |estimated native speakers |
|Gaddi |120,000 |
|Pardhi |119,700 |
|Pardhan |116,919 |
|Churahi |110,552 |
|Sauria Paharia |110,000 |
|Kullu |109,000 |
|Dhanwar |104,195 |
|Bhattiyali |102,252 |
|Ladakhi |102,000 |
|Dungra Bhil |100,000 |
|Adiwasi Garasia |100,000 |
|Rajput Garasia |100,000 |
|Noiri |100,000 |
|Jaunsari |97,000 |
|Pnar |84,000 |
|Andh |80,000 |
|Mara |79,000 (India: 47,000 Myanmar:32,000) |
|Mawchi |76,000 |
|Bishnupriya |75,000 |
|Duruwa |75,000 |
|Lodhi: |75,000 |
|Bhadrawahi |69,000 |
|Eastern Magar |67,691 |
|Balti |67,000 |
|Korwa |66,000 |
|Mahali |66,000 |
|Rana Tharu |64,000 |
|Paniya |63,827 |
|Rathwi Bareli |63,700 |
|Rawang |60,536 |
|Sansi |60,000 |
|Kachari |59,000 |
|Bazigar |58,236 |
|Agariya |55,757 |
|Kanjari |55,386 |
|Mal Paharia |51,000 |
|Poumei Naga |51,000 |
|Bodo Parja |50,000 |
|Hmar |50,000 |
|Juang |50,000 |
|Desiya Oriya |50,000 |
|Kinnauri |48,778 |
|Moinba |46,000 |
|Paite |45,000 |
|Tase Naga |45,000 |
|Wancho Naga |45,000 |
|Braj Bhasha |44,000 |
|Buksa |43,000 |
|Sangtam Naga |39,000 |
|Lepcha |38,000 |
|Kudmali |37,000 |
|Yimchungru Naga |37,000 |
|Gowli |35,000 |
|Jennu Kurumba |35,000 |
|Nocte Naga |35,000 |
|Khirwar |34,251 |
|Betta Kurumba |32,000 |
|Chang Naga |31,000 |
|Dangaura Tharu |31,000 |
|Gadaba |31,000 (Pottangi Ollar: 15,000; Bodo: 8,000; Mudhili: 8,000) |
|Zeme Naga |30,800 |
|Naga Pidgin |30,000 |
|Car Nicobarese |30,000 |
|Kurichiya |29,375 |
|Mzieme Naga |29,000 |
|Chenchu |28,754 |
|Sikkimese |28,600 |
|Limbu |28,000 |
|Majhwar |27,958 |
|Vaiphei |27,791 |
|Ravula |27,413 |
|Western Panjabi |27,386 |
|Deori |26,900 |
|Khoibu Naga |25,600 |
|Falam Chin |25,367 |
|Kanikkaran |25,000 |
|Khiamniungan Naga |25,000 |
|Maram Naga |25,000 |
|Tutsa Naga |25,000 |
|Sirmauri |25,000 |
|Arakanese |24,000 |
|Chokri Naga |24,000 |
|Sholaga |24,000 |
|Thangal Naga |23,600 |
|Kamar |23,456 |
|Apatani |23,000 |
|Koch |23,000 |
|Khezha Naga |23,000 |
|Tiwa |23,000 |
|Southern Rengma Naga |21,000 |
|Shina |21,000 |
|Gowlan |20,179 |
|Kumarbhag Paharia |20,179 |
|Savara |20,179 |
|Matu Chin |20,000 |
|Liangmai Naga |20,000 |
|Ooty, Nilgiris |20,000 |
|Sakechep |20,000 |
|Seraiki |20,000 |
|Sherpa |20,000 |
|Toto |20,000 |
|Khowar |19,200 |
|Biete |19,000 |
|Hajong |19,000 |
|Reli |19,000 |
|Manna-Dora |18,964 |
|Hrangkhol |18,665 |
|Bhunjia |18,601 |
|Persian |18,000 |
|Mukha-Dora |17,456 |
|Maring Naga |17,361 |
|Pangwali |17,000 |
|Asuri |16,596 |
|Dhatki |16,400 |
|Malaryan |16,068 |
|Malavedan |15,241 |
|Gangte |15,100 |
|Konda-Dora |15,000 |
|Korra Koraga |15,000 |
|Mudu Koraga |15,000 |
|Kalto (Nahali) |15,000 |
|Dhivehi (Mahl dialect) |15,000 |
|Northern Pashto |15,000 |
|Ullatan |14,846 |
|Eastern Tamang |14,000 |
|Anal |13,853 |
|Northern Rengma Naga |13,000 |
|Pochuri Naga |13,000 |
|Western Muria |12,898 |
|Muthuvan |12,219 |
|Zangskari |12,006 |
|Mirgan |12,000 |
|War |12,000 |
|Kaikadi |11,846 |
|Idu-Mishmi |11,041 |
|Pattani |11,000 |
|Changthang |10,089 |
|Degaru |10,089 |
|Eastern Muria |10,089 |
|Far Western Muria |10,089 |
|Andaman Creole Hindi |10,000 |
|Palya Bareli |10,000 |
|Birhor |10,000 |
|Lamkang |10,000 |
|Inpui Naga |10,000 |
|Spiti Bhoti |10,000 |
|Vaagri Booli |10,000 |
Languages with official status in India
The official language of the Indian Union is Hindi with English as a secondary official language;[1] states in India can legislate their own official languages.[1] Neither the Constitution of India, nor any Indian law defines any national language.[2]
States specify their own official language(s) through legislation. The section of the Constitution of India dealing with official languages therefore includes detailed provisions[3] which deal not just with the languages used for the official purposes of the union,[4] but also with the languages that are to be used for the official purposes of each state and union territory in the country,[5] and the languages that are to be used for communication between the union and the states inter se.[6]
At the time the constitution entered into force, English was used for most official purposes both at the federal level and in the various states.[citation needed] The constitution envisaged the gradual phasing in of local languages, principally Hindi, to replace English over a fifteen-year period, but gave Parliament the power to, by law, provide for the continued use of English even thereafter.[citation needed] Accordingly, English continues to be used today, in combination with Hindi (at the central level and in some states) and other languages (at the state level).[citation needed]
The legal framework governing the use of languages for official purpose currently includes the Constitution, the Official Languages Act, 1963, Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, and various state laws, as well as rules and regulations made by the central government and the states.
Official languages of the Union
The Indian constitution, in 1950, declared Hindi in Devanagari script to be the official language of the union.[7] Unless Parliament decided otherwise, the use of English for official purposes was to cease 15 years after the constitution came into effect, i.e., on 26 January 1965.[8] The prospect of the changeover, however, led to much alarm in the non Hindi-speaking areas of India, especially Dravidian-speaking states whose languages were not related to Hindi at all. As a result, Parliament enacted the Official Languages Act, 1963,[9][10][11][12][13][14] which provided for the continued use of English for official purposes along with Hindi, even after 1965.
In late 1964, an attempt was made to expressly provide for an end to the use of English, but it was met with protests from states such as Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal, Karnataka, Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh. Some of these protests also turned violent.[15] As a result, the proposal was dropped,[16][17] and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a resolution to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament.[18]
The current position is thus that the Union government may continue to use English in addition to Hindi for its official purposes[19] as a "subsidiary official language,"[20] but is also required to prepare and execute a programme to progressively increase its use of Hindi.[21] The exact extent to which, and the areas in which, the Union government uses Hindi and English, respectively, is determined by the provisions of the Constitution, the Official Languages Act, 1963, the Official Languages Rules, 1976, and statutory instruments made by the Department of Official Language under these laws.
The language of Parliamentary proceedings and laws
The Indian constitution draws a distinction between the language to be used in Parliamentary proceedings, and the language in which laws are to be made. Parliamentary business, according to the Constitution, may be conducted in either Hindi or English.[22] The use of English in parliamentary proceedings was to be phased out at the end of fifteen years unless Parliament chose to extend its use,[23] which Parliament did through the Official Languages Act, 1963.[24] In addition, the constitution permits a person who is unable to express himself in either Hindi or English to, with the permission of the Speaker of the relevant House, address the House in his mother tongue.[25]
In contrast, the constitution requires the authoritative text of all laws, including Parliamentary enactments and statutory instruments, to be in English, until Parliament decides otherwise.[26] Parliament has not exercised its power to so decide, instead merely requiring that all such laws and instruments, and all bills brought before it, also be translated into Hindi, though the English text remains authoritative.[27]
The language of the judiciary
The constitution provides that all proceedings in the Supreme Court of India, the country's highest court and the High Courts, shall be in English.[28] Parliament has the power to alter this by law, but has not done so.[29]
The language of administration
The Union government is required by law to progressively increase the use of Hindi in its official work,[21] which it has sought to do through "persuasion, incentive and goodwill."[30]
The Official Language Act provides that the Union government shall use both Hindi and English in most administrative documents that are intended for the public.[31] The Official Languages Rules, in contrast, provide for a higher degree of use of Hindi in communications between offices of the central government (other than offices in Tamil Nadu, to which the rules do not apply[32]). Communications between different departments within the central government may be in either Hindi or English, although a translation into the other language must be provided if required.[33] Communications within offices of the same department, however, must be in Hindi if the offices are in Hindi-speaking states,[34] and in either Hindi or English otherwise with Hindi being used in proportion to the percentage of staff in the receiving office who have a working knowledge of Hindi.[35] Notes and memos in files may be in either Hindi or English, with the Government having a duty to provide a translation into the other language if required.[36]
In addition, every person submitting a petition for the redress of a grievance to a government officer or authority has a constitutional right to submit it in any language used in India.[37]
Official language implementation
Various steps have been taken by the Indian government to implement the use and familiarisation of Hindi extensively.[38] Regional Hindi implementation offices at Bangalore, Cochin, Mumbai, Kolkata, Guwahati, Bhopal, Delhi and Ghaziabad have been established to monitor the implementation of Hindi in Central government offices and PSUs. Annual targets are set by the Department of Official Language regarding the amount of correspondence being carried out in Hindi. A Parliament Committee on Official Language constituted in 1976 periodically reviews the progress in the use of Hindi and submits a report to the President. Kendriya Hindi Samiti chaired by the Prime Minister was established in 1967. This apex policy making body lays down the guidelines for the propagation of Hindi. Town Official Language Implementation Committees are constituted in towns having ten or more Central Government offices. Cash awards are given to the employees of the Central Government, for writing books in Hindi. All Central government offices and PSUs are to establish Hindi Cells for implementation of Hindi in their offices.
Official languages at the state level
The Indian constitution does not specify the official languages to be used by the states for the conduct of their official functions, and leaves each state free to, through its legislature, adopt Hindi or any language used in its territory as its official language or languages.[39] The language need not be one of those listed in the Eighth Schedule, and several states have adopted official languages which are not so listed. Examples include Kokborok in Tripura; Mizo in Mizoram; Khasi, Garo, and Jaintia in Meghalaya; and French in Puducherry.
The language of the legislature and administration
The constitutional provisions in relation to use of the official language in legislation at the State level largely mirror those relating to the official language at the central level, with minor variations. State legislatures may conduct their business in their official language, Hindi or (for a transitional period, which the legislature can extend if it so chooses) English, and members who cannot use any of these have the same rights to their mother tongue with the Speaker's permission.[40] The authoritative text of all laws must be in English, unless Parliament passes a law permitting a state to use another language, and if the original text of a law is in a different language, an authoritative English translation of all laws must be prepared.[41]
The state has the right to regulate the use of its official language in public administration, and in general, neither the constitution nor any central enactment imposes any restriction on this right. However, every person submitting a petition for the redress of a grievance to an officer or authority of the state government has a constitutional right to submit it in any language used in that state, regardless of its official status.[37]
In addition, the constitution grants the central government, acting through the President, the power to issue certain directives to the government of a state in relation to the use of minority languages for official purposes. The President may direct a State to officially recognise a language spoken in its territory for specified purposes and in specified regions, if its speakers demand it and satisfy him that a substantial proportion of the State's population desire its use.[42] Similarly, States and local authorities are required to endeavour to provide primary education in the mother tongue for all linguistic minorities, regardless of whether or not their language is official in that State, and the President has the power to issue directions he deems necessary to ensure that they are provided these facilities.[43]
The language of the judiciary
States have significantly less freedom in relation to determine the language in which judicial proceedings in their respective High Courts will be conducted. The constitution gives the power to authorise the use of Hindi, or the state's official language in proceedings of the High Court to the Governor, rather than the state legislature, and requires the Governor to obtain the consent of the President of India,[44] who in these matters acts on the advice of the Government of India. The Official Languages Act gives the Governor a similar power, subject to similar conditions, in relation to the language in which the High Court's judgments will be delivered.[45]
Four states - Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan[46]- have been granted the right to conduct proceedings in their High Courts in their official language, which, for all of them, was Hindi. However, the only non-Hindi state to seek a similar power - Tamil Nadu, which sought the right to conduct proceedings in Tamil in its High Court - had its application rejected by the central government earlier, which said it was advised to do so by the Supreme Court.[47] In 2006, the law ministry said that it would not object to Tamil Nadu state's desire to conduct Madras High Court proceedings in Tamil.[48][49][50][51][52] In 2010, the Chief Justice of the Madras High Court allowed lawyers to argue cases in Tamil.[53]
Languages currently used In Indian states and union territories
States
|No.[pic]|State[pic] |Official Language[pic] |Other official languages[pic] |
|1. |Andhra Pradesh |Telugu[54] |Urdu[55] |
|2. |Arunachal Pradesh |Assamese, English[56] |None[57] |
|3. |Assam |Assamese[58] |Bengali,[59] Bodo[58] |
|4. |Bihar |Maithili, Hindi[60] |Urdu[61] |
|5. |Chhattisgarh |Chhattisgarhi, Hindi[62] |None[62] |
|6. |Goa |Konkani[63] | |
|7. |Gujarat |Gujarati,[64] Hindi[64] | |
|8. |Haryana |Hindi[65] |Punjabi [65][66] |
|9. |Himachal Pradesh |Hindi[67][68] |None[68] |
|10. |Jammu and Kashmir |Urdu[69] |None[70] |
|11. |Jharkhand |Hindi, Santali[71] |None[71] |
|12. |Karnataka |Kannada[72][73] |None[74] |
|13. |Kerala |Malayalam,[75] English[75] | |
|14. |Madhya Pradesh |Hindi[76] | |
|15. |Maharashtra |Marathi[77][78] | |
|16. |Manipur |Meiteilon (Manipuri)[79] |None[80] |
|17. |Meghalaya |English[81] |Khasi, Garo[82] |
|18. |Mizoram |Mizo[83] |None[83] |
|19. |Nagaland |English[84] |None[84] |
|20. |Orissa |Oriya,[85] |None[85] |
|21. |Punjab |Punjabi[86] |None[86] |
|22. |Rajasthan |Hindi[87] |Rajasthani[87] |
|23. |Sikkim |Nepali[88][89] |None[90] |
|24. |Tamil Nadu |Tamil[91] |None |
|25. |Tripura |Bengali, Kokborok, English[92] |None[92] |
|26 |Uttarakhand |English, Hindi[93] |Urdu,[93] Sanskrit[94] |
|27. |Uttar Pradesh |Hindi[95] |Urdu[95] |
|28. |West Bengal |Bengali, English[96] |Nepali[96] |
Union Territories
|No. |Union Territory |Official Language |Other officially recognised languages |
|1. |Andaman and Nicobar Islands |Hindi, English[97] |Bengali, Tamil, Telugu[citation needed] |
|2. |Chandigarh |Punjabi, Hindi, English | |
|3. |Dadra and Nagar Haveli |Marathi, Gujarati | |
|4. |Daman and Diu |Gujarati, English |Marathi[63] |
|5. |Delhi |Hindi, English |Urdu,[98] Punjabi[98] |
|6. |Lakshadweep |Malayalam | |
|7. |Puducherry |French, Tamil and English [99][100] |Malayalam (for Mahe), Telugu (for Yanam)[99] |
The languages of the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution
The Eighth Schedule to the Indian Constitution contains a list of 22 scheduled languages. At the time the constitution was enacted, inclusion in this list meant that the language was entitled to representation on the Official Languages Commission,[101] and that the language would be one of the bases that would be drawn upon to enrich Hindi, the official language of the Union.[102] The list has since, however, acquired further significance. The Government of India is now under an obligation to take measures for the development of these languages, such that "they grow rapidly in richness and become effective means of communicating modern knowledge."[103] In addition, a candidate appearing in an examination conducted for public service at a higher level is entitled to use any of these languages as the medium in which he or she answers the paper.[104]
Via the 92nd Constitutional amendment 2003, 4 new languages – Bodo, Maithili, Dogri, and Santali – were added to the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution.[105]
The following table lists the languages set out in the eighth schedule as of May 2007, together with the regions where they are used:[106]
|Language[pic] |Family[pic] |Speakers (2001, in |State(s)[pic] |
| | |millions)[107][pic] | |
|Assamese/Axomiya |Indo-Aryan, Eastern |13 |Assam, Arunachal Pradesh |
|Bengali |Indo-Aryan, Eastern |83 in India |West Bengal, Tripura, Andaman & Nicobar Islands and also |
| | | |few regions of Assam |
|Bodo |Tibeto-Burman |1.4 |Assam |
|Dogri |Indo-Aryan, |2.3 |Jammu and Kashmir |
| |Northwestern | | |
|Gujarati |Indo-Aryan, Western |46 |Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Gujarat |
|Standard Hindi |Indo-Aryan, Central |unknown[108] |Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, |
| | | |Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, the national capital territory |
| | | |of Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya |
| | | |Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand |
|Kannada |Dravidian |38 |Karnataka. |
|Kashmiri |Indo-Aryan, Dardic |5.5 |Jammu and Kashmir |
|Konkani |Indo-Aryan, Southern |2.5 (7.6 per Ethnologue) |Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala |
|Maithili |Indo-Aryan, Eastern |12 (32 in India in 2000 |Bihar |
| | |per Ethnologue) | |
|Malayalam |Dravidian |33 |Kerala, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, |
| | | |Puducherry |
|Manipuri (also Meitei or |Tibeto-Burman |1.5 |Manipur |
|Meithei) | | | |
|Marathi |Indo-Aryan, Southern |72 |Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, |
| | | |Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka |
|Nepali |Indo-Aryan, Northern |2.9 in India |Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam |
|Oriya |Indo-Aryan, Eastern |33 |Orissa |
|Punjabi |Indo-Aryan, |29 in India |Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab |
| |Northwestern | | |
|Sanskrit |Indo-Aryan |0.01 |non-regional |
|Santhali |Munda |6.5 |Santhal tribals of the Chota Nagpur Plateau (comprising |
| | | |the states of Bihar, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa) |
|Sindhi |Indo-Aryan, |2.5 in India |non-regional |
| |Northwestern | | |
|Tamil |Dravidian |61 |Tamil Nadu, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Puducherry; |
|Telugu |Dravidian |74 |Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Puducherry; |
|Urdu |Indo-Aryan, Central |52 in India |Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Bihar, Uttar |
| | | |Pradesh |
Since 2003, a government committee has been looking into the feasibility of treating all languages in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution as "Official Languages of the Union".[109]
The language of Union-State and interstate communication
The language in which communications between different states, or from the union government to a state or a person in a state, shall be sent is regulated by the Official Languages Act and, for states other than Tamil Nadu, by the Official Languages Rules. Communication between states who use Hindi as their official language is required to be in Hindi, whereas communication between a state whose official language is Hindi and one whose is not is required to be in English, or in Hindi with an accompanying English translation (unless the receiving state agrees to dispense with the translation).[19]
Communication between the union and states which use Hindi as their official language (classified by the Official Language Rules as "the states in Region A"), and with persons who live in those states, is in Hindi, except in exceptional cases.[110] Communication with a second category of states, which do not use Hindi as their official language but are willing to communicate with the union in Hindi (currently Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab and Chandigarh[111]) is usually in Hindi, whilst communications sent to an individual in those states may be in either Hindi or English.[112] Communication with all other states, and with persons living in them, is in English.[113]
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