Regions Timeline of Important Events



Regions Timeline

East Asia

221 BCE - Qin dynasty unifies China

206 BCE - Han dynasty begins

c.100 BCE - Chinese rule Korea and Vietnam

220 CE - Han dynasty ends; Era of Division

589 CE - Sui dynasty reunifies China

618 - Tang dynasty begins

960 - Song dynasty begins

1185 - Kamakura shogunate; Feudal Japan begins

1279 - Mongol rule (Yuan dynasty) in China

1368 - Ming dynasty begins

1433 - End of Chinese expeditions

1600 - Tokugawa shogunate established

1644 - Manchurian “Qing” dynasty rules China

1839 - Opium War

1868 - Meiji reforms begin

1905 - Russo-Japanese War ends

1911 - Chinese Revolution

1931 - Japan invades Manchuria

1937 - Japan invades China

1949 - Communist victory in China

1950 - Korean War begins

1958 - Great Leap Forward in China

1966 - Cultural Revolution in China

1979 - Deng’s reforms in China

The Middle East

8500 BCE - Development of farming in Middle East

3500 BCE - Sumerian civilization

3100 BCE - Rise of Egyptian civilization

1200 BCE - Jews settle near the Mediterranean; first monotheistic religion

550 BCE - Cyrus the Great forms Persian Empire

323 BCE - Alexander’s Hellenistic Empire

64 BCE - Rome conquers Syria & Palestine

622 - Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Medina

661 - Umayyad caliphate; expansion of Islam

750 - Abbasid caliphate established

945 - Persian Buyids capture Baghdad; caliphs made into puppet rulers

1055 - Seljuk Turks control caliphate

1096 - First Christian Crusade in Palestine

1258 - Fall of Baghdad to Mongols; end of Abbasid caliphate

1260 - Mamluk rulers defeat Mongols at Ain Jalut

1453 - Ottomans capture Constantinople, fall of Byzantine Empire

1571 - Ottoman naval defeat at Lepanto; beginning of European dominance

1798 - Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt; Muhammad Ali rules Egypt (1805-1849)

1839 - Tanzimat reforms in the Ottomans (- 1876)

1854 - Crimean War (to 1856)

1869 - Opening of the Suez Canal

1882 - British occupation of Egypt

1916 - Arab revolts against Ottomans

1917 - Balfour Declaration promises Jews a homeland in Palestine

1920 - French and British mandates set up in Middle East

1923 - Independence of Turkey recognized

1948 - Israel established; 1st Arab-Israeli war

1967 - Israel victorious in Six-Day War

1979 - Iranian Revolution; spread of Islamic fundamentalism

1987 - First Intifada, mass Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule

1990-91 - Persian Gulf War

Pre-Columbus/Latin America

1200 BCE - Olmecs in Mexico; Chavín in Andean South America

622 CE - Classical Maya (to 900)

1325 - Aztecs, Incas (1350) established

1492 - Columbus makes landfall in the Bahamas

1519 - Cortez conquers Aztecs (-1522)

1532 - Pizarro conquers Incas

1542 - Bartolome de las Casas pushed to reform treatment of Indians

1804 - Slave revolt leads to independence in Haiti

1830s - Rise of caudillos, self-interested military dictators backed by private armies

1888 - Slavery abolished in Brazil

1898 - Spanish-American War; US takes control of Puerto Rico, Guam, & the Philippines

1903 - Theodore Roosevelt intervenes to assist Panamanian independence from Colombia

1910 - Mexican Revolution (to 1920)

1917 - Mexico’s revolutionary leaders author a new constitution

1929 - Ecuador becomes the first Latin American nation to grant women the right to vote

1933 - FDR announces “Good Neighbor Policy” of non-intervention in Latin America

1954 - The “Guatemalan Revolution” of Arévalo and Arbenz overthrown with CIA help

1965 - US forces, fearing a Communist takeover, occupy Dominican Republic

1985 - Civilian rule returns to Brazil (since 1964)

1994 - NAFTA takes effect

Western Europe

470 BCE - Athens at its height; Pericles, Phidiasa, Sophocles, Socrates

323 BCE - Alexander’s Hellenistic Empire

27 BCE - Augustus Caesar, rise of Roman Empire

312 CE - Constantine divides administration of empire and adopts Christianity

476 CE - Fall of Rome

732 - Franks defeat Muslims in France

800 - Charlemagne’s empire

1066 - Norman conquest of England

1096 - Crusades

1100 - Italian city-states emerge

1150 - Gothic style spreads (-1300)

1200 - Flowering of scholasticism (-1274)

1215 - Magna Carta

1300 - Italian & Northern Renaissance (1450-1600)

1338 - Hundred Years’ War (to 1453)

1348 - Black Death

1488 - Portuguese round Cape of Good Hope

1492 - Columbus makes landfall in the Bahamas

1498 - Vasco de Gama reaches India

1517 - Beginning of Protestant Reformation

1600s - Scientific Revolution (-1700s)

1648 - Thirty Years’ War ends with Treaty of Westphalia

1700s - Enlightenment

1763 - Seven Years’ War, British-French global warfare

1770 - James Watt’s steam engine; Beginning of Industrial Revolution

1776 - American Revolution

1789 - French Revolution

1870 - Unification of Italy

1871 - Unification of Germany

1871 - High point of European imperialism (-1914)

1914 - Beginning of World War I

1919 - Treaty of Versailles

1929 - Great Depression begins

1939 - WWII begins (to 1945)

1947 - Marshall Plan

1949 - NATO established

1957 - Establishment of Common Market

1989 - Berlin Wall division ends

2001 - Euro currency introduced

Sub-Saharan Africa

800 BCE - Migration of Bantu-speakers throughout sub-Saharan Africa (to 1000 CE)

800 CE - Growth of the trans-Sahara trade for gold

1000 - Ghana at height of its power

1100 - Almoravid movement in the Sahara

1200 - Rise of the empire of Mali

1324 - Pilgrimage of Mansa Musa

1400 - Flourishing cities of Timbuktu & Jenne; Ethiopian Christian kingdom; Swahili cities flourish on e. African coast

1441 - First shipment of African slaves brought directly from Africa to Portugal

1481 - Portuguese fort established at El Mina

1500 - Songhay Empire flourishes

1652 - Dutch establish colony at Cape of Good Hope

1700 - The Asante kingdom unified

1720s - Rise of the kingdom of Dahomey

1790s - Abolitionist movement gains strength in England

1818 - Shaka forges Zulu power and expansion

1834 - Boers make “Great Trek” into Natal

1870s - Partition of Africa (to 1914)

1920s - Pan-African Congresses in Paris; beginnings of the negritude movement

1957 - Ghana established as first independent African nation

1960 - Congo granted independence from Belgian rule

1966 - Biafran secessionist war in Nigeria (-1970)

1994 - First democratic elections in South Africa

Eastern Europe

100 CE - Slavic migrations into Eastern Europe (to 650)

330 - Constantinople made capital of Eastern Roman Empire

527 - Justinian; Byzantine Empire begins

864 - Beginning of missionary work of brothers Cyril and Methodius in Slavic lands

980 - Vladimir I’s conversion to Christianity

1054 - Schism between East/Western Christianity

1204 - Fourth Crusade

1241 - Capture of Russia by Mongols (Tartars)

1453 - Capture of Constantinople by Ottoman Turks; end of Byzantine Empire

1480 - Moscow region freed from Tartar control

1533 - Ivan the Terrible, first to be called Czar; boyar power reduced; Russian expansion

1613 - Romanov dynasty begins

1689 - Peter the Great reigns (- 1725)

1762 - Catherine the Great (-1796)

1831 - Greece wins independence from Ottomans

1854 - Crimean War

1861 - Russian emancipation of serfs

1884 - Beginnings of Russian industrialization

1905 - Russo-Japanese War; peasant reforms and establishment of duma

1914 - World War I

1917 - Bolshevik Revolution

1928 - Stalin rules; beginning of collectivization of agriculture and five-year plans

1936 - Stalin’s Great Purges (-1938)

1941 - German invasion of Soviet Union

1945 - Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe (-1948)

1956 - Hungarian revolt and its suppression

1968 - Revolt in Czechoslovakia and its repression (Prague Spring)

1979 - Uprisings in Poland and their suppression

1979 - Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

1985 - Gorbachev to power, initiates reforms; glasnost and perestroika

1989 - Berlin Wall falls; end of Soviet domination of Eastern Europe

1991 - End of Soviet Union

1995 - Russian army attempts to suppress independence of Chechnya, a Muslim region

South Asia

2500 BCE - Emergence of Harappan (Indus) civilization

563 BCE - Life of the Buddha (-483 BCE)

327 BCE - Alexander the Great’s invasion

322 BCE - Mauryan dynasty begins (to 185 BCE)

319 CE - Gupta dynasty begins (to 535)

1206 - Establishment of the Delhi sultanate

1556 - Rise of the Mughal Empire; reign of Akbar

1661 - British port-trading center founded at Bombay

1707 - Death of Aurangzeb; beginning of imperial breakdown

1835 - Decision to give support for English education in India; English adopted as the language of Indian law courts

1853 - First railway line constructed in India

1857 - Sepoy Mutiny

1858 - British parliament assumes control over India from the East India Company

1885 - Indian National Congress Party founded in India

1931 - Gandhi-led Salt March revives Indian Nationalist movement

1947 - India and Pakistan gain independence

1972 - Bangladesh becomes an independent nation, separated from Pakistan

Southeast Asia

111 BCE - Vietnam conquered by Chinese

939 CE - Vietnam wins its independence from China

1500 - Nguyen dynasty in central/south Vietnam founded

1511 - Portuguese conquer Malacca on the tip of Malayan peninsula

1512 - Portuguese arrive in Indonesia

1521 - Spain claims Philippines

1620 - Dutch East India Company established at Batavia on Java

1641 - Dutch capture Malacca from Portuguese, and begin conquests on Java, in Indonesia

1757 - Dutch become paramount power on Java

1883 - French conquest of Vietnam completed

1902 - U.S. takes over Philippines

1925 - first Communist organization established in Vietnam

1942 - Japanese occupation of French Indochina

1945 - Ho Chi Minh proclaims the Republic of Vietnam

1946 - Philippines gains independence

1954 - French defeat at Dien Bien Phu; Geneva accords, French withdrawal from Vietnam

1965 - Direct U.S. military intervention in Vietnam (to 1973)

1975 - Communist victory in Vietnam; Khmer Rouge sets up a brutal Communist government in Cambodia

1986 - Election of Corazón Aquino ends Marcos dictatorship in Philippines

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