The Central Dogma of Biology - Buchanan Community Schools

[Pages:45]THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY

1. DNA B4.2

The genetic information encoded in DNA molecules provides instructions for assembling protein molecules. Genes are segments of DNA molecules. Inserting, deleting, or substituting DNA segments can alter genes. An altered gene may be passed on to every cell that develops from it. The resulting features may help, harm, or have little or no effect on the offspring's success in the environment.

2.DNA TERMS

1. DNA--deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic material for almost all living things 2.Nucleotide ?monomer of nucleic acid, made up of a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base 3. Nitrogenous bases ? adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil 4.Double-helix ? twisted double ladder, shape of DNA 5. Genes ? unit of heredity, located on chromosome

DNA TERMS

6. Amino acid ?- strung together to make protein

7. Polypeptide ? polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bond

8. Transcription ? process of mRNA being made from DNA template

9. Translation ? process of ribosomes using the sequence of mRNA to create a sequence of amino acids that will form a protein

10. Mutation ? change in DNA sequence that affects the genetic information

3. INHERITED MUTATIONS

When mutations occur in sex cells, they can be passed on to offspring (inherited mutations), but if they occur in other cells, they can be passed onto descendant cells only (noninherited mutations). (B4.2A)

1. GAMETES (SEX CELLS)

2. SOMATIC CELLS (NORMAL BODY CELLS)

a. Made by meiosis for the sole purpose of sexual reproduction.

b. Sperm and egg will fuse to form an entire new living organism.

c. So if a mutation occurs to the chromosomes in a gamete cell then the mutation will be passed onto the offspring.

a. Made by mitosis for the purpose to making cells that are identical

b. Daughter cells are identical parent cells

c. If a mutation occurs to the chromosomes in a normal body cell all the cells that descend from it will have the mutation, not the entire organism.

CHARACTERISTIC DNA SEQUENCE. (B4.2B)

1. Each species has its own specific DNA sequence that determines all the special characteristics of the species.

**the base pair can occur in any order **total possible nucleotide sequences is 4140000000 2. The Human Genome Project a. constructed a map that showed the sequence of base pairs along our chromosomes and b. showed the sequence of genes along the human chromosome

FUNCTION OF DNA. (B4.2C)

1. Structure i. Double-helix ? DNA is a twisted ladder ii. Sugar(Deoxyribose) phosphate backbone make up the sides iii. Hydrogen bonded bases make up the rungs or steps of the ladder

1.Nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine 2.In each species the amount of A=T, and C=G

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download