Part I: Translation: Write a literal translation within ...



2008 Final Exam

LATIN II HONORS

VERSION BETA

Magister Chang

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Part I: Translation: Write a literal translation within the bounds of English idiom in the space between the Latin lines or on the paper provided. CLXI points (I per accurate word use)

SALLUST’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

The Roman Historian Sallust, in the preface to his monograph on the Catilinarian conspiracy, outlines the faculties possessed by human beings that make them superior to beasts.

Omnēs hominēs quī cupiunt praestāre cēterīs animālibus summā ope nītī dēbent,

nē vītam silentiō trānseant velutī pecora, quae nātūra fīnxit prōna atque ventrī

oboedientia. Sed nostra omnis vīs in animō et corpore sita est; animī imperiō,

corporis servitiō ūtimur[1]; alterum nōbīs cum dīs, alterum cum bēluīs commūne

est. Mihi rēctius vidētur glōriam quaerere ingeniī quam vīrium opibus est, et 5

quoniam vīta ipsa quā fruimur[2] brevis est, memoriam nostrī quam maximē

longam efficere. Nam dīvitiārum et fōrmae glōria flūxa atque fragilis est; virtūs

clāra aeternaque habētur.

Sed multī mortālēs, dēditī ventrī atque somnō, indoctī incultīque vītam sīcutī

perergrīnantēs ēgērunt; quibus prōfectō contrā nātūram corpus voluptātī, anima 10

onerī fuit. Eōrum ego vītam mortemque iūxtā aestimō quoniam dē utrāque silētur.

Sed is dēmum mihi vīvere atque fruī animā vidētur, quī aliquō negōtiō intentus

praeclārī facinoris aut artis bonae fāmam quaerit.

praestō: takes dative object here (i.e. ceterīs animālibus)

ops, opis, f.: power, might; (plural) resources

nītor, nītī, nīsus sum: to strive, make an effort

trānseō, -īre, -i(v)ī, -itus: to pass through (transeant = present subjunctive in negative purpose clause)

velutī (adv.): just as, just like

pecus, -oris, n.: cattle, herd

fingō, -ere, fīnxī, fictus: to form, fashion, make

prōnus, -a, -um: bent forward (i.e. not standing up straight)

venter, -tris, m.: stomach, belly

oboediēns, -entis: obedient (+ dative)

vīs, (no gen. or dat.) vim, vī, f.: strength, power, force; pl. virēs, virium, strength, financial assets, military strength

situs, -a, -um: situated, placed, located (modifies nostra omnis vīs)

servitium, -iī, n.: service, servitude

deus, deī, m.: dīs = deīs

alterum . . . alterum: i.e. animus and corpus

bēlua, -ae, f.: beast

commūnis, -e: shared by someone (in the dative) with someone (cum + ablative)

rēctus, -a, -um: straight, right proper

quaerere...et...efficere: both infinitives depend on vidētur

ingeniī...vīrium: both genitives depend on opibus (ablative of means)

quam maximē longam = quam longissimam

efficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus: to bring about, achieve

flūxus,, -a, -um: flowing, changeable

dēditus, -a, -um: addicted to, given over to

indoctus, -a, -um: uneducated, ignorant

incultus, -a, -um: unsophisticated, not cultured

sīcutī (adv.): just as, just like

peregrīnor (1): to travel around, sojourn

profectō (adv.): assuredly

voluptātī fuit: served as a source of pleasure (dative of purpose)

onus, -neris, n.: burden (onerī = dative of purpose)

iūxtā (adv.): near, close, i.e. similar

aestimō (1): to judge, estimate, consider

uterque, utraque, utrumque: each (of two), either one

silētur: it’s kept silent, nothing’s said

dēmum (adv.): at least, finally (at end of argument)

negōtium, -iī, n.: business, occupation

intentus, -a, -um: intent on (+ ablative)

facinus, -oris, n.: deed, act

Part II: Reading Comprehension. Give the best answer to the questions based on the Latin text of the passage. N.B. Unless otherwise indicated, answer IN ENGLISH. XCIV points

YOU BETTER WRITE ME SOON

Suscēnseō; nesciō an[3] dēbeam, sed suscēnseō. Scīs quam[4]

inīquus interdum, quam impotēns saepe, quam querulior

semper sit amor. Nesciō an haec causa sit iūsta; magna

tamen est, et ego graviter suscēnseō, quod fuērunt ā tē tam

diū litterae nūllae. Exōrāre mē potes ūnō modō, sī nunc 5

saltem[5] plūrimās et longissimās litterās mīseris. Haec mihi

sōla excūsātiō vēra, cēterae falsae vidēbuntur. Nōn sum

auditūrus ‘nōn eram in urbe” vel “occupātior eram”; nec

dī sinant ut audiam “infīrmior.” Cōgitā quantam cūram

tibi habeam. Scīre cupiō quid faciās et fēcerīs. Nunc 10

plūrimās et longissimās litterās mitte! Valē!

-- adapted from C. Plinius Secundus (“Pliny the Younger”), Epistulae.II.2

Questions 1-17 refer to the adaptation of Pliny’s Epistlae.II.2.

1. Describe Pliny’s mood in this letter:

2. What type of dependent subjunctive clause does an (line 1) introduce?

3. Give two characteristics of love, according to Pliny, from lines 1-3:

4. What Latin clause shows that Pliny’s realizes he might not be acting entirely fairly?

5. What reason does Pliny give for his strong feelings?

6. The translation of tam diu (lines 4-5) is:

7. The entire clause quod...nūllae (lines 4-5) might best be paraphrased in Latin as:

a. ob tuam absentiam diūturnam

b. inōpiā longā litterārum

c. propter hōc longius spatium

d. quod satis epistulārum est

8. To what does the phrase ūnō modō (line 5) refer (i.e. in narrative terms)?

9. What degree is the adjective plurimās (line 6)?

10. What Latin noun must be understood to make sense of cēterae falsae vidēbuntur (line 7)?

11. What is the best, active voice translation of vidēbuntur (line 7) based on its context?

12. Why, in narrative terms, does Pliny use the future participle (auditūrus) in line 8 and not some other tense?

13. In lines 8-9, Pliny preemptively dismisses three excuses that he expects his friend will use. What are these three excuses?

14. What case and number is the word dī (line 9)?

15. What is the case of quid (line 10)?

16. List two Latin verbs from this story that are NOT written in the subjunctive, indicative or infinitive moods:

17. What exactly is Pliny’s wish at the end of this letter?

(GO ON TO NEXT PAGE)

Part II: (continued)

THEMISTOCLES AND THE WALLS OF ATHENS

During the great Persian invasion of Greece in the 5th century BC, the two chief Greek states, Sparta and Athens, had cooperated. But their character and traditions were very different. For example, Athens had a democratic constitution, whereas Sparta was ruled by two kings; Athens had a powerful navy, and Sparta relied on her army. So after the Persian menace receded, their traditional rivalry and suspicion of each other began to reawaken.

postquam Persae ē Graeciā expulsī et bellō superātī sunt,

Athēniēnsēs mūrōs suōs, ā Persīs dēlētōs, reficere coepērunt.

Lacedaemoniī[6] tamen, quī nōlēbant ūllam urbem validiōrem esse

quam sē, lēgātōs Athēnās mīsērunt, quī nōn sōlum orārent eōs nē

mūrōs reficerent, sed etiam ut cum Lacedaemoniīs aliās urbēs 5

mūrōs reficere prohibērent. hīs rebus dictīs, lēgātī Lacedaemoniī,

hortante Themistocle, dīmissī sunt; Athēniēnsēs tamen

respondērunt sē lēgātōs Spartam missūrōs esse, quī haec

disputārent. deinde Themistoclēs cīvibus persuāsit ut ipse statim

Spartam mitterētur, sed cēterī lēgātī Athēniēnsēs domī 10

retinērentur dum mūrī satis altī aedificārentur.

Themistoclēs igitur Spartam prōfectus est, et omnēs cīvēs

Athēniēnsēs diem noctemque labōrābant ut mūrōs ad eam

altitūdinem magnam tollerent dē quā urbs dēfendī posset.

Themistoclēs, cum Spartam advēnisset, rēgēs nōn statim adiit. 15

si quis eum rogāverat cūr in pūblicō nōn appāruisset, dīxit sē

cēterōs lēgātōs exspectāre. sed Lacedaemoniī, cum ā proxenīs[7]

audīvissent Athēniēnsēs mūrōs iam reficere, Themistoclem

perfidiae accūsāvērunt. ille autem dīcēbat rūmōrēs huiusmodī

nōn fīdōs[8] esse; lēgātōs Athēnās mittendōs esse quī vēra 20

cognōscerent. tum Themistoclēs Athēniēnsibus imperāvit ut hos

lēgātōs retinērent nēve[9] dīmitterent priusquam ipse et aliī lēgātī

Athēniēnsēs, quī iam Spartam advēnerant, domum redīrent.

dēnique, cum iam eī nūntiātum esset mūrōs satis altōs

aedificātōs esse, Lacedaemoniīs vēra patefēcit. Lacedaemoniī, 25

quamquam īrātissimī erant, nihil tamen in Themistoclem facere

poterant; nam memoriā tenēbant Athēniēnsēs suōs lēgātōs velut

obsidēs retinēre.

Questions 16-30 refer to Themistocles and the Walls of Athens.

18. What did the Athenians do immediately after the Persian wars?

19. How did the Spartans feel about this AND what was their response (lines 3-6)?

20. Identify the tense of disputārent (line 9) AND explain what use of the subjunctive this is:

21. To what did Themistocles persuade the citizens to agree (lines 9-11)?

22. Write the Latin AND translate the two ablative absolutes occurring in lines 1-11:

23. What did the Athenians accomplish in lines 12-14?

24. Translate cum Spartam advēnisset (line 15):

25. Why is appāruisset (line 16) in the subjunctive?

26. Why did the Spartans accuse Themistocles of treachery?

27. Keeping dīcēbat from line 19 in mind, translate lēgātōs...cognōscerent (lines 20-21):

28. Both persuasit (line 9) and imperāvit (line 21) introduced what type of (dependent) subjunctive clause in this story?

29. How long, per Themistocles’ orders, were the Athenians supposed to keep the Spartan envoys?

30. At what point did Themistocles reveal the truth to Sparta?

31. Explain how Themistocles’ clever plan had guaranteed his personal safety:

32. How many instances of indirect statement occur in lines 23-28?

Part II: (continued)

CAESAR’S CAMP IS ATTACKED BY THE BELGĪ

This is an excerpt from Caesar’s commentaries on his military campaigns in Gaul (58-51 BC). Although it is written in a seemingly objective and therefore truthful third-person style, one must be aware that Caesar himself authored these books. The excerpt adapted here puts special emphasis on Caesar’s skills and courage as a leader.

Caesar, equitātū praemisso, sex legiōnēs dūcēbat; post

eās tōtīus exercitū impedīmenta collocāverat; equitēs

nostrī, flūmine trānsitō, cum hostium equitātū proelium

commīsērunt. Illī identidem in silvās ad suōs sē recipiē-

bant ac rursus ex silvā in nostrōs impetum faciēbant. 5

Nostrī tantum ad fīnem silvae īnsequī eōs audēbant.

Interim legiōnēs sex, ubi prīmum vēnērunt, armīs dēposi-

tīs, castra mūnīre coepērunt. Ubi prīma impedīmenta

nostrī exercitūs ab eī quī in silvīs latēbant vīsa sunt,

omnibus cum cōpiīs prōvolāvērunt impetumque in nostrōs 10

equitēs fēcērunt. Equitibus facile pulsīs, incrēdibilī cele-

ritāte ad flūmen cucurrērunt. Itaque ūnō tempore et ad

silvās et in flūmine et in manibus nostrīs hostēs vidēban-

tur. Eādem celeritāte ad nostra castra atque eōs quī in

labōre occupātī erant cucurrērunt. 15

Caesarī omnia ūnō tempore erant agenda: vexil-

lum pōnendum, signum tubā dandum, quod[10] eōs iussit

arma tollere; ā labōre revocandī mīlitēs; aciēs paranda.

Quārum rērum magnam partem brevitās temporis et

hostium adventus impediēbat. Itaque ducēs, propter pro- 20

pinquitātem et celeritātem hostium, Caesaris imperium

nōn expectābant, sed per sē ea quae vidēbantur faciēbant.

• adapted from C. Iulius Caesar, Commentariī dē Bellō Gallicō II.19-20

Questions 33-45 refer to the adaptation of Caesar’s Commentaries on the Gallic Wars II.19-20

33. Write the Latin and translate one of the two ablative absolute phrases found in lines 1-4

34. To whom does the pronoun Illī (line 4) refer?

35. Translate ad suōs (line 4) into English:

36. Describe the tactic the Belgi were using against the Romans (lines 4-5):

37. List the following events (labeled by letters A-D) in the chronological order of their occurrence in this story:

A) The Roman cavalry cross a river and engage the enemy.

B) All of the Belgi rush out of their hiding places in the woods.

C) The Roman legionnaires begin to fortify their camp.

D) Caesar arranged his baggage train behind the six legions.

a. ABCD

b. DACB

c. ADCB

d. DABC

38. What happened once the Belgians overcame the Roman cavalry (line11)?

39. What impression about the Belgi does Caesar convey in the sentence Itaque....vidēbantur (lines 12-14):

40. Write a Latin phrase that is an example of the ablative of manner in lines 11-15:

41. What had the Romans at the camp been doing (line 14-15)?

42. With what Latin word does the future passive participle agenda (line 16) agree?

43. The relative clause beginning with quod (lines 17-18) describes a:

a. flag

b. trumpet call

c. gift

d. battle formation

44. List three of the four tasks that Caesar had to accomplish (lines 16-18):

45. List one factor that was obstructing Caesar’s ability to do these things:

46. What did the other Roman generals have to do?

47. Explain how the use of the third-person narrative style could serve the author’s political agenda:

You may use the following sheets of paper

To write your translation for Part I

OR jot down notes

N.B. In case we don’t speak before it’s all over, let me say (hah – volitive subjunctive) that I have truly enjoyed our class this year. You have been part of one of the most enjoyable teaching experiences I have had yet. Thank you for your hard work, cooperative attitude and enthusiasm for learning. Always keep these qualities, as they will always serve you well.

P.S. Have a great summer.

P.P.S. And don’t forget to study too[11].

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[1] utimur: utor, uti, usus sum, to use, take advantage of (+ ablative)

[2] fruimur: fruor, fruī, fructus sum, to enjoy (+ ablative)

[3] an (conj.), whether

[4] quam, adv., how (with inīquus, impotens and querulior)

[5] saltem, adv., at least, modifying nunc

[6] Lacedaemonius, -a, -um, Spartan

[7] proxenus, -ī, m., agent (one who resides in a foreign city)

[8] fīdus, -a, -um, trustworthy

[9] nēve (conj.), and not to

[10] quod, nominative subject of iussit

[11] Yes, I’m talking to you.

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