Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy’umwarimu - United States Agency for ...

[Pages:372]Rwanda Education Board

Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umwarimu

Umwaka wa kabiri w'amashuri abanza

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Ikinyarwanda Igitabo cy'umwarimu

Umwaka wa kabiri w'amashuri abanza

Abagize uruhare mu iyandikwa ry'iki gitabo

Abanditse iki gitabo: MURERA JMV UWAMARIYA Clotilde NYIRANGENDAHIMANA Marie Rose NDANDARI Didace MUGENZI Jean Baptiste

Uwakosoye iki gitabo MURENZI Jean de Dieu

Abatunganyije iki gitabo: TWIZEYIMANA Jean Pierre KAMBALE Patrick KAYOMBAYIRE Eric Bright

Abajyanama: MURUNGI Joan GATERA Augustin NTIRENGANYA Alphonse KAZUNGU Titus

Abandi bagize uruhare mu myandikire y'iki gitabo: MUHUMUZA Winnie MUNYANKUMBURWA Fidele SETAHA Benjamin

Abemeje iki gitabo: MUKANTAHONDI V?nantie RUBANDA Jean Fran?ois HABIYAKARE Poponi MBABARIYE Patrice NDAYAMBAJE Cyprien NYANDWI Charles NYIRAFARANGA Th?r?se MANIRAGABA Germain BAYAVUGE Jules NSENGIMANA Cyriaque BYUKUSENGE Peninah

? 2018 Rwanda Education Board

Uburenganzira bw'umwanditsi w'ibikubiye muri iki gitabo, bufitwe n'Ikigo Gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Uburezi mu Rwanda (REB).

NTIKIGURISHWA

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This work is an adaptation of materials originally developed through collaboration between the Rwanda Education Board and USAID. Under this license, you are free to copy, distribute, and transmit this work as long you provide attribution as follows: "This work is an adaptation by the Rwanda Education Board and USAID Soma Umenye of an original work developed through collaboration between the Rwanda Education Board and the USAID Language, Literacy, and Learning Project, ? Rwanda Education Board. Second Edition.

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Iki gitabo cyashyizwe ahagaragara ku nkunga ya Amerika ibinyujije mu Kigo cya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika Gishinzwe Iterambere Mpuzamahanga (USAID). Ibitekerezo bigikubiyemo si ibya USAID cyangwa Guverinoma ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika.

Ijambo ry'ibanze

Iki gitabo kigenewe umwarimu wigisha Ikinyarwanda mu mwaka wa kabiri w'amashuri abanza. Cyanditswe n'Ikigo Gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Uburezi mu Rwanda (REB), ku nkunga y'Ikigo cya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika Gishinzwe Iterambere Mpuzamahanga (USAID), kibinyujije mu mushinga USAID Soma Umenye mu mwaka wa 2018. Iki gitabo gikubiyemo imbonezamasomo ziha umunyeshuri uruhare runini mu myigire ye. Kizafasha umwarimu uzagikoresha gutegura no kwigisha amasomo y'Ikinyarwanda, agendeye ku nkingi eshanu zo gusoma no kwandika. Izo nkingi ni itahuramajwi, ihuzamajwi, inyunguramagambo, gusoma udategwa no kumva umwandiko. Kigaragaza kandi uko amasomo ajyanye no kumva, kuvuga, gusoma no kwandika atangwa hifashishijwe uburyo bwa Ndatanga urugero, Dukorane twese na Buri wese akore. Iyi nyoborabarezi yanditswe hagendewe ku nteganyanyigisho y'Ikinyarwanda, ikiciro cya mbere cy'amashuri abanza, mu rwego rwo gishimangira imyigire n'imyigishirize ishingiye ku bushobozi bw'umunyeshuri. Twizeye ko izunganira umwarimu mu gutegura no gutanga amasomo ye neza adahuzagurika kubera ko igaragaza intambwe zose zikurikizwa mu isomo ku buryo bunoze. Mu gutegura iki gitabo, hitabajwe impuguke zinyuranye mu by'uburezi ndetse n'imyigishirize y'indimi cyanecyane ururimi rw'Ikinyarwanda, kugira ngo kinogere umwarimu kandi kimufashe kuzamura ubushobozi bw'abanyeshuri bukenewe. Turashima abanditse, abatunganyije, abakosoye, abatanze inama, abemeje iki gitabo n'abandi bagize uruhare mu gihe cyo kwandika iki gitabo. By'umwihariko, turashimira Umushinga USAID Soma Umenye uruhare ugira mu guteza imbere uburezi bufite ireme mu Rwanda. Turasaba abantu bose bazasoma n'abazakoresha iki gitabo gutanga ibitekerezo byatuma kirushaho kunogera abo kigenewe.

Dr. NDAYAMBAJE Ir?n?e Umuyobozi Mukuru w'Ikigo Gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Uburezi mu Rwanda (REB)

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IBIRIMO

INTANGIRIRO RUSANGE....................................................................................................................... V Iriburiro........................................................................................................................................................ V Imiterere y'igitabo....................................................................................................................................... VI Uburyo bw'imyigishirize............................................................................................................................ VIII Imikoreshereze y'ibindi bitabo bijyana n'iki gitabo cy'umwarimu............................................................. XII Umuteguro w'isomo ntangarugero............................................................................................................ XII UMUTWE WA 1: UMUCO W'AMAHORO................................................................................................1 Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbere..............................................................................................................64 UMUTWE WA 2: INSHINGANO Z'ABANA...........................................................................................66 Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kabiri...............................................................................................................90 UMUTWE WA 3 : UBURENGANZIRA BW'UMWANA.............................................................................93 Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatatu............................................................................................................121 UMUTWE WA 4: IMIYOBORERE MYIZA.............................................................................................122 Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kane ............................................................................................................. 152 UMUTWE WA 5 : ISUKU.....................................................................................................................153 Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatanu...........................................................................................................184 UMUTWE WA 6 : ITUMANAHO N'IKORANABUHANGA...................................................................185 Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatandatu .....................................................................................................230 UMUTWE WA 7: ITERAMBERE.........................................................................................................236 Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa karindwi........................................................................................................287 UMUTWE WA 8: UBUZIMA................................................................................................................290 Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa munani..........................................................................................................331 Isuzumaboshobozi ryo gusoma no kwandika ...........................................................................................335 UMUGEREKA ............................................................................................................................................338

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INTANGIRIRO RUSANGE

I. Iriburiro

Guhera mu mwaka wa 2015 mu mashuri y'inshuke, abanza n'ayisumbuye, u Rwanda rwasezereye imyigire n'imyigishirize yari ishingiye ahanini ku bumenyi rwinjira mu myigire n'imyigishirize ishingiye ku bushobozi bukomatanya ubumenyi, ubumenyi ngiro n'ubukesha. Bityo imyigire n'imyigishirize yari yubakiye ahanini ku mwarimu isimburwa n'imyigire n'imyigishirize iha umunyeshuri uruhare runini mu myigire ye. Iyo myigire ishingiye ku bushobozi, ifasha umunyeshuri kugira ubumenyi, ubumenyi ngiro n'ubukesha bimufasha gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo yize no gutanga ibisubizo ku bibazo ahura na byo mu buzima bwe ndetse agafasha n'abandi.

Mu rwego rwo kunganira ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'integanyanyigisho ishingiye ku bushobozi, Ikigo Gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Uburezi mu Rwanda (REB), ku bufatanye n'Umushinga USAID Soma Umenye cyateguye iyi nyoborabarezi igenewe umwarimu wigisha Ikinyarwanda mu mwaka wa kabiri w'amashuri abanza. Iki gitabo gifasha umwarimu gusobanukirwa n'imikoreshereze y'igitabo cy'umunyeshuri, Igitabo cy'umwarimu gikubiyemo inkuru zisomerwa abanyeshuri. Iki gitabo kandi gifasha umwarimu gusobanukirwa n'uburyo butandukanye bw'imyigishirize n'uko isuzuma rikorwa.

Muri iki gitabo harimo ibice bitatu by'ingenzi. Igice cya mbere kigizwe n'intangiriro ivugwamo imiterere y'igitabo n'imikoreshereze yacyo. Igice cya kabiri kigizwe n'imiteguro y'amasomo ya buri cyumweru agaragaza uko buri somo ryigishwa. Igice cya gatatu ni umugereka urimo amabwiriza asobanura intambwe zose umwarimu akoresha mu isuzuma rinoza imyigire n'imyigishirize. Aya mabwiriza kandi asobanura uburyo umwarimu agenzura niba abanyeshuri bagera ku bushobozi bwo gusoma no kwandika buteganyijwe kugerwaho mu mwaka bigamo no gufata ingamba mu rwego rwo kunoza imyigire n'imyigishirize.

Igice k'imitegurire y'amasomo kigabanyijwemo imitwe umunani. Buri mutwe ufite insangamatsiko wibandaho, zigenda zigaruka mu nkuru zisomerwa abanyeshuri n'udukuru bisomera. Uretse insanganyamatsiko yihariye yigwa muri buri mutwe igaragara cyanecyane mu myandiko iboneka muri buri mutwe; higwa kandi ibihekane biteganywa mu nteganyanyigisho nshya ishingiye ku bushobozi bigaragara mu gitabo cy'umunyeshuri.

Turahamya tudashidikanya ko iki gitabo kizafasha umwarimu wigisha mu mwaka wa kabiri w'amashuri abanza kwigisha neza gusoma no kwandika no kwimakaza indangagaciro z'umuco nyarwanda.

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