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Staff Ride Handbook for the Attack on Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941:

A Study of Defending America

LTC Jeffrey J. Gudmens and the Staff Ride Team Combat Studies Institute

Combat Studies Institute Press Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 66027

Cover photos: The photo of the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 is from the Naval Historical Center. The photo of the 11 September 2001 attack on the World Trade Center is from the US Air Force Counterproliferation Center.

Staff Ride Handbook for the Attack on Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941:

A Study of Defending America

LTC Jeffrey J. Gudmens and the Staff Ride Team Combat Studies Institute

Combat Studies Institute Press Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 66027

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Gudmens, Jeffrey J., 1960Staff ride handbook for the attack on Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941 : a study of defending America / Jeffrey J. Gudmens and the Staff Ride Team, Combat Studies Institute.

p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Pearl Harbor (Hawaii), Attack on, 1941. 2. United States--Armed Forces--Organization. 3. Japan--Armed Forces--Organization. 4. Pearl Harbor (Hawaii)--Tours. I. U.S. Army Combined Arms Center. Combat Studies Institute. Staff Ride Team. II. Title. D767.92.G84 2005 940.54'266931--dc22

2005025669

Reprinted June 2009

Foreword The Pearl Harbor Staff Ride Handbook is the ninth study in the Combat Studies Institute's (CSI's) Staff Ride Handbook series. LTC Jeffrey Gudmens' handbook on Pearl Harbor allows individuals and organizations to study this battle not only in the context of the Japanese attack but, more importantly, in the context of issues that are relevant to the current global war on terror. In addition to analyzing the actual attack, Gudmens also enables users of this work to examine the problems associated with conducting joint planning and operations between the US Army, the Army Air Forces, and the US Navy. He also provides insights into the problems of a Homeland Security environment in which intelligence operatives from a foreign nation (and potentially even recent immigrants from that foreign nation who are now US citizens) can operate with little hindrance in a free and open democratic society. Additionally, this study provides an opportunity to look at how military commanders and planners prepared for their wartime mission with inadequate resources and equipment. Each of these issues, and others analyzed herein, is as relevant to us today as it was almost 65 years ago. Modern military professionals for whom this handbook was written will find a great deal to ponder and analyze when studying the events leading up to, and including, the attack on Pearl Harbor. They are lessons that we cannot afford to forget. CSI--The Past is Prologue!

Timothy R. Reese Colonel, Armor Director, Combat Studies Institute

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Contents

Page

Foreword..................................................................................................... i

Figures....................................................................................................... v

Introduction................................................................................................ 1

I. The Militaries......................................................................................5. US Organization..................................................................................5. Japanese Organization.......................................................................14.

Ships.... ..............................................................................................18. Aircraft Carriers..........................................................................18. Japanese Aircraft Carriers....................................................19. American Aircraft Carriers...................................................22. Battleships...................................................................................23. Japanese Battleships.............................................................24. American Battleships...........................................................25. Cruisers.................................................................................28. Destroyers.............................................................................29. Submarines...........................................................................30.

Aircraft..............................................................................................32. Fighters.......................................................................................32. Japanese Fighter...................................................................32. American Fighters................................................................33. Bombers......................................................................................34. Japanese Bombers................................................................35. American Bombers...............................................................36.

Strategy...... .......................................................................................38

Operational........................................................................................ 42

Tactics .............................................................................................. 43

Logistics............................................................................................ 45

II. Pearl Harbor Campaign Overview.................................................... 47

III. Suggested Route and Vignettes......................................................... 63

Introduction....................................................................................... 63

Stand 1. Japanese Espionage............................................................ 67

Stand 2. Homeland Defense............................................................. 71

Stand 3. American Intelligence........................................................ 75

Stand 4. American Preparations....................................................... 80

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Page

Stand 5. "Joint" Defenses............................................................ 88 Stand 6. Preparednes and Early Warning..................................... 94 Stand 7. Japanese Air Superiority................................................ 99 Stand 8. Japanese Torpedo Attack............................................. 104 Stand 9. Japanese High-Level Attack........................................ 108 Stand 10. Japanese Second Wave................................................ 113 Stand 11. Aftermath..................................................................... 119 IV. Integration Phase for the Attack on Pearl Harbor............................ 123 V. Support for a Staff Ride to Pearl Harbor......................................... 129 Appendix A. Order of Battle, Japanese Forces.................................... 131 Appendix B. Order of Battle, US Forces............................................. 137 Appendix C. Biographical Sketches.................................................... 143 Appendix D. Medal of Honor Conferrals for the Attack on

Pearl Harbor.................................................................... 153 Bibliography..........................................................................................159. .About the Author....................................................................................163

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