USH: Chapter 22 Test Review - Mr. Adams - Home



USH: Chapter 22 Test Review

The Vietnam War Years

CH Objective: to understand the military & political events of the Vietnam War in Southeast Asia & its impact on life in the United States

Section 1: Moving Toward Conflict:

Main Idea: to stop the spread of communism in Southeast Asia, the US used its military to support South Vietnam

Why it Matters Now: the US support role in Vietnam began what would become America’s longest & most controversial war in its history

Terms & Names to Identify:

1. Ho Chi Minh:

2. Vietminh:

3. domino theory:

4. Dien Bien Phu:

5. Geneva Accords:

6. Ngo Dinh Diem:

7. Vietcong:

8. Ho Chi Minh Trail:

9. Tonkin Gulf Resolution:

(1)-examine how the US became involved in the Vietnam Conflict

*America Supports France in Vietnam:

-French Rule in Vietnam

-late 1800s-WWII, France rules most of Indochina

-1940, Japanese take control of Vietnam

-Vietminh – organization that aims to rid Vietnam of foreign rule

-September 1945, Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam an independent nation

-France Battles the Vietminh

-1950, US begins economic aid to France to stop communism

-The Vietminh Drive Out the French

-domino theory – countries can fall to communism like row of dominos

-1954, Vietminh overrun French at Dien Bien Phu; France surrenders

-Geneva Accords divide Vietnam at 17th parallel; Communists get North

-election to unify country called for in 1956(2)-describe the expansion of US military involvement under President Johnson

*President Johnson Expands the Conflict:

-The South grows more Unstable

-succession of military leaders rule South Vietnam; country unstable

-LBJ thinks US can lose international prestige if communists win

-The Tonkin Gulf Resolution

-alleged attack in Gulf of Tonkin; LBJ asks for power to repel enemy

-1964 Tonkin Gulf Resolution gives him broad military powers

-1965 8 Americans killed, LBJ orders sustained bombing of North

-US combat troops sent to South Vietnam to battle Vietcong

Section 1 Comprehension:

1. Why did the US support canceling elections in Vietnam in 1956?

2. Why was the Diem regime unpopular?

3. Complete the table below:

|President |Vietnam Policy & Goals |

|Truman |P: |

| | |

| |G: |

|Eisenhower |P: |

| | |

| |G: |

|Kennedy |P: |

| | |

| |G |

Section 2: US Involvement & Escalation:

Main Idea: The US sent troops to fight in Vietnam, but the war quickly turned into a stalemate

Why it Matters Now: Since Vietnam, Americans are more aware of the positive & negative effects of using US troops in foreign conflicts

Terms & Names to Identify:

1. Robert McNamara:

2. Dean Rusk:

3. William Westmoreland:

4. Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN):

5. napalm:

6. Agent Orange:

7. search & destroy missions:

8. credibility gap:

(1)-explain the reasons for the escalation of US involvement in Vietnam

*Johnson Increases US Involvement:

-Strong Support for Containment

-LBJ hesitates breaking promise to keep troops out; works with:

-Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, Secretary of State Dean Rusk

-Congress, majority of public support sending troops

-The Troop Buildup Accelerates

-General William Westmoreland – US commander in South Vietnam

-thinks southern Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) ineffective

-requests increasing numbers; by 1967 500,000 US troops

(2)-describe the military tactics & weapons used by US forces & the Vietcong

*Fighting in the Jungle:

-An Elusive Enemy

-Vietcong use hit-and-run, ambush tactics, move among civilians

-tunnels help withstand airstrikes, launch attacks, connect villages

-terrain laced with booby traps, land mines laid by US, Vietcong

-A Frustrating War of Attrition

-Westmoreland tries to destroy Vietcong morale through attrition

-Vietcong receive supplies from China, USSR; remain defiant

-US sees war as military struggle; Vietcong as battle for survival

-The Battle for “Hearts & Minds”

-US want to stop Vietcong from winning support of rural population

-weapons for exposing tunnels often wound civilians, destroy villages

-napalm: gasoline-based bomb that sets fire to jungle

-Agent Orange: leaf-killing, toxic chemical

-search-&-destroy missions move civilian suspects, destroy property

-villagers go to cities, refugee camps; 1967, over 3 million refugees

-Sinking Morale

-guerilla warfare, jungle conditions, lack of progress lower morale

-many soldiers turn to alcohol, drugs; some kill superior officers

(3)-explain the impact of the war on American Society

*The Early War at Home:

-The Living Room War

-combat footage on nightly news shows stark picture of war

-critics say credibility gap between administration reports & events

Section 2 Comprehension:

1. Why did US forces have difficulty fighting the Vietcong?

2. What factors led to the low morale of US troops?

3. Complete the table below:

| |Vietcong |US |

|Tactics | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

|Weapons | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

Section 4: 1968: A Tumultuous Year:

Main Idea: an enemy attack in Vietnam, two assassinations, & a chaotic political convention made 1968 an explosive year

Why it Matters Now: disturbing events in 1968 accentuated the nation’s divisions, which are still healing in the 21st century

Terms & Names to Identify:

1. Tet Offensive:

2. Robert Kennedy:

3. Eugene McCarthy:

4. Hubert Humphrey:

5. George Wallace:

(1)-describe the Tet Offensive & its effect on the American public

*The Tet Offensive Turns the War:

-A Surprise Attack

-1968 villagers go to cities to celebrate Tet (Vietnamese New Year)

-Vietcong among crowd attack over 100 towns, 12 US air bases

-Tet offensive lasts one month before US, South Vietnam regain control

-Westmoreland declares attacks are military defeat for Vietcong

-Tet Changes Public Opinion

-before Tet, most Americans hawks; after Tet, hawks, doves both 40%

-mainstream media openly criticizes war

-Secretary of Defense Clifford concludes war in unwinnable

-LBJ’s popularity drops; 60% disapprove his handling of the war

(2)-explain the domestic turbulence of 1968

*Days of Loss & Rage

-Johnson Withdraws

-LBJ announces will seek peace talks, will not run for reelection

-Violence & Protest Grip the Nation

-riots rock over 100 cities after MLK is killed

-Robert Kennedy wins Cali primary; is fatally shot for supporting Israel

-major demonstrations on over 100 college campuses

-Nixon Triumphs

-promises to restore law & order, end war in Vietnam

Section 4 Comprehension:

1. What were the reasons protestors demonstrated in Chicago? What happened?

2. Why was 1968 characterized as a year of “lost control” in America?

Section 5: The End of the War & Its Legacy:

Main Idea: President Nixon instituted his Vietnamization policy, & America’s longest war finally came to an end

Why it Matters Now: Since Vietnam, the US considers more carefully the risks to its own interests before intervening in foreign affairs

Terms & Names to Identify:

1. Richard Nixon:

2. Henry Kissinger:

3. Vietnamization:

4. silent majority:

5. My Lai:

6. Kent State University:

7. Pentagon Papers:

8. War Powers Act:

(1)-describe Nixon’s policy of Vietnamization

*President Nixon & Vietnamization:

-The Pullout Begins

-Vietnamization – US troops withdraw, South Vietnam troops take over

-“Peace with Honor”

-Nixon calls for “peace with honor” to maintain US dignity

-orders bombing of North Vietnam, Vietcong hideouts in Laos, Cambodia

*Trouble Continues on the Homefront:

-Mainstream America

-silent majority – moderate, mainstream people who support the war

-The My Lai Massacre

-news breaks that US platoon massacred civilians in My Lai village

-commander convicted, imprisoned

-The Invasion of Cambodia

-1970, US troops invade Cambodia to clear out enemy supply centers

-1.5 million protesting college students close down 1,200 campuses

-The Pentagon Papers

-Nixon invades Cambodia, Congress repeals Tonkin Gulf Resolution

-Pentagon Papers show plans to enter war under LBJ

-confirm belief of many that government not honest about intentions

(2)-describe the end of US involvement & the final outcome in Vietnam

*America’s Longest War Ends:

-“Peace at Hand”

-1971, 60% think US should withdraw from Vietnam by end of year

-Kissinger agrees to complete withdrawal of US

-The Final Push

-South Vietnam rejects Kissinger’s plan; talks break off; bombing resumes

-Congress calls for end to war; peace signed January 1973

-Fall of Saigon

-cease-fire breaks down; South surrenders after North invades 1975

*The War Leaves a Painful Legacy:

-American veterans Cope Back at Home

-58,000 Americans, over 2 million North, South Vietnamese die

-returning veterans face indifference, hostility at home

-about 15% develop post-traumatic stress disorder

-The Legacy of Vietnam

-government abolishes military draft

-1973 Congress passes War Powers Act:

-president must inform Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops

-90 day maximum deployment without Congressional approval

-war contributes to cynicism about government, political leaders

Section 5 Comprehension:

1. Create the web diagram on pg 761 and complete it.

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